Unit III Vocab Flashcards

Unit III words, Part IV

13475013	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.	0
13475014	Colony	a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country	1
13475015	Balance of Trade	the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise nation's balance of trade; is favorable when its exports exceed its imports	2
13475016	Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	3
13475017	Commercial Revolution	the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.	4
13475018	Absolute Monarchy	Concept of government developed during the rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureacracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies.	5
13475019	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior.	6
13475020	Multiracial	made up of, involving or acting on behalf of various races.	7
13475021	African Slavery	was not based on people being property, but rather on dependency and military "prisoners of war."	8
13475022	American Slavery	based on people being property, and an inferior race	9
13475023	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century.	10
13475024	Isolationism	a policy of nonparticipation in international, economic and political relations	11
13475025	Dutch East Indies Company	Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.	12
13475026	Conqueror	someone who is victorious by force of arms	13
13475027	Renaissance	Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages.	14
13475028	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.	15
13475029	Scientific Revolution	Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advanced associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizaions; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.	16
13475030	Glorious Revolution	English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king.	17
13475031	Economiendas	Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.	18
13475032	Factories	European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.	19
13475033	Taj Mahal	Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal.	20
13475034	Scholar-Gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as government of China	21
13475035	British East India Company	Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.	22
13475036	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed government promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.	23
13475037	Humanism	Focus on humankind as cetner of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.	24
13475038	Jesuits	A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education and missonary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America and Asia.	25
13475039	Deism	Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun.	26
13475040	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.	27
13475041	Plantation	an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale.	28
13475042	Triangular Trade Route	Commerce linking Africa, the New World Colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe.	29
13475043	Middle Passage	Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th-18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture.	30
13475044	Caravels	Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.	31