chapter 23 Flashcards

21623496	Congress of Vienna	meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes.	0
21623497	Liberalism	political viewpoint with origins in W. Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.	1
21623498	Radicals	political viewpoint with origins in w. Eueope during 19th century; advocated broader boting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes.	2
21623499	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1.	3
21623500	Socialism	political movement with origins in w. europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, and to capitalist exploitation of the working man.	4
21623501	Balkan nationalism	movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War 1.	5
21623502	Albert Einstein	developed mathematical theories to explain the behavoir of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity.	6
21623503	Protoindustrialization	preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers became full or part time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urbal merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.	7
21623504	Chartist movement	attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform BIll of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed.	8
21623505	Mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports.	9
21623506	Triple Entente	Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1.	10
21623507	Louis Pasteur	discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s.	11
21623508	Benjamin Disraeli	leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics.	12
21623509	Otto von Bismarck	conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes.	13
21623510	Transformismo	Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo.	14
21623511	Social question	issues relating to repressed classes in w. europe during the industrial revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.	15
21623512	Karl Marx	German socialist of the mid 19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship.	16
21623513	Charles Darwin	biologist who developed theory of evolution species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.	17
21623514	Romanticism	artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held the emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	18
21623515	Revisionism	socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.	19