Chapter 17 Terms Flashcards

18495510	Humanism	Focus on human kind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages	0
18495511	Scientific Revolution	Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages	1
18495512	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1535; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death	2
18495513	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs	3
18502910	Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants	4
18502911	Gutenberg	Introduced movable printing press to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets	5
18502912	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scienific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior	6
18502913	Jesuits	A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia	7
18502914	Parliamentary Monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	8
18502915	Proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe , product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	9
18502916	Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new politcal rights should extend to women	10
18502917	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe	11
18502918	Descartes	Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature	12
18502919	Witchcraft Persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590-1650; particularly common in Protestant areas	13
18502920	Glorious Revolution	English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king	14
18502921	Martin Luther	German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 these to the door of Wittenber church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepeted state control of church	15
18502922	European-style Family	Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family and a large minority who never married	16
18502923	Louis XIV	French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy	17
18502924	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640-1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers if the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king	18
18502925	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance (1450); centered oin Frnace, Low Countries, England and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance	19
18502926	Edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions	20
18502927	Deism	Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divitiy was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun	21
18502928	Adam Smith	Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regualtion of economy in favor of the operation of market forces	22
18502929	Absolute Monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies	23
18502930	Harvey	English physician who demonstrated circular movemen of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump	24
18502931	Ferderick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; introduced freedom of religion; increased sate control of economy	25
18502932	Machiavelli	Emphasized realistic discussion of how seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance	26
18502933	Francis I	King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor	27
18502934	Galileo	Published Copernicus findings; added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work	28
18502935	Newton	English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity	29
18502936	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thiry Years War in 1648; granted right to inividual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion either Protestant or Catholic	30
18502937	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his his ally Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	31
18502938	Protestantism	General wave of religious against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luthers attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief	32
18502939	Calvin	French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encourgaed ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America	33