AP World History Vocabulary Chapters 16&17 Flashcards

260557498	Christopher Columbus	Genoese captain in service of King and Queen of Castile and Aragon; succesfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in the Americas.	0
260557499	Ferdinand Magellan	Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines.	1
260557500	Dutch East India Company	Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.	2
260557501	British East India Company	Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.	3
260557502	Lepanto	Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571	4
260557503	Core nations	Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.	5
260557504	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed government's promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.	6
260557505	Vasco de Balboa	First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initials settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains.	7
260557506	Francisco Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish.	8
260557507	New France	French colonies in North America; extended from St.Lawrence River along Great lakes and down Mississippi River valley system.	9
260557508	Seven years War	Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America.	10
260557509	Treaty of Paris	Arranged in 1763 following seven years war; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean.	11
260557510	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.	12
260557511	Boers	Dutch settlers in Cape Colony; in Southern Africa	13
260557512	Calcutta	head quarters of British East India company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.	14
260557513	Niccolo Machiavelli	Author of The prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance	15
260557514	Humanism	Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.	16
260557515	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c, 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance.	17
260557516	Francis I	King of France in 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church, ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman Empire.	18
260557517	Johannes Gutenberg	Introduced moveable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets.	19
260557518	European Style Family	Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married.	20
260557519	Martin Luther	German monk; initiated protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenburg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church.	21
260557520	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.	22
260557521	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly protestan following Henry's death.	23
260557522	Jean Calvin	French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America.	24
260557523	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted protestant beliefs.	25
260557524	Jesuits	A new religious order during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia.	26
260557525	Edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions	27
260557526	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark and France), and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	28
260557527	English Civil War	Conflicts from 16410 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers if the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king.	29
260557528	Proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries.	30
260557529	Witchcraft persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in protestant areas	31
260557530	Scientific Revolution	Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.	32
260557531	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the Earth was at the center of the Universe.	33
260557532	Johannes Kepler	Was an astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in scientific revolution	34
260557533	Deism	Concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity as to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once the process was begun.	35
260557534	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from people, not divine right of Kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.	36
260557535	Galileo	Published Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.	37
260557536	William Harvey	English physician who demonstrated circular movements of blood in animals, function of heart as pump.	38
260557537	Francis Bacon	Was and English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist. He was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method.	39
260557538	Rene Descartes	Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom, argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.	40
260557539	Isaac Newton	English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity.	41
260557540	Absolute Monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies.	42
260557541	Louis XIV	French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy	43
260557542	Glorious Revolution	English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the King.	44
260557543	Parliamentary Monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with Kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.	45
260557544	Frederick the great	Prussian king of 18th century; attempted to introduce enlightenment reform into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.	46
260557545	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior.	47
260557546	Adam Smith	Established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces.	48
260557547	Denis Diderot	A french Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia.	49
260557548	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women.	50
260557549	Mass Consumerism	Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of mass consumerism can be found in several pre-modern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in Western Europe, from the 18th century onward.	51