Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads Flashcards

for the people that actually use this, please, please, please excuse the bountiful, frequent spelling errors that are in these brief descriptions of things i find important in my book, Traditions and Encounters Second Edition. i create these notes in haste, and often with my eyes half shut, so please excuse my mistakes.
k?
much love,
Jen

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13721348	Han Wudi	a Chinese emperor; after Zhang Qian came back from his expedition, Zhang suggests trade relations between China and Bactria through India, and Han thought that was a fantabulous idea; China imposed political and military control over vast territories and promoted trade	0
13721349	Zhang Qian	he was sent to communicate with potential allies against the Xiongnu; Xiongnu forces captured him however, they treated him well, like they let him have a wife, keep his servant and he had a son with his wife; well suspicions got calm about him, and when that happened he escaped with his family and servant; he tried to complete his task, but it he could not get any allies, so he heads home, but gets captured again!; this time he manages to escape after one year's detention, mostly because of the death of the Xiongnu leader	1
13721350	Silk Roads	rulers invested heavily on bridges and roads for trade routes; as the classical empires expanded, merchants and travelers created an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and north Africa; these routes were thus called collectively the silk roads since silk was one of the highest commodities going along those roads	2
13721351	Monsoon System	governed sailing and shipping in the Indian Ocean	3
13721352	Buddhism	was the most prominent faith of silk roads merchants for almost a millennium, from about 200 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.	4
13721353	Rajas	rulers of southeast Asian states called themselves rajas (kings)	5
13723735	Christianity	at first Romans didn't really like it because it went against their main religion;	6
13723736	Gregory the Wonderworker	a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles, who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia during the mid third century C.E.	7
13723737	Nestorians	followers of the Greek theologian Nestorius, who lived during the early fifth century and emphasized the human as opposed to the divine nature of Jesus;	8
13723738	Manichaeism	the faith derived from the prophet Mani, a devout Zoroastrian from Babylon in Mesopotamia; promoted an ascetic lifestyle	9
13723739	The elect	devout Manichaeans that abstained from marriage, sexual relations, fine clothing, meat, rich foods, and other personal comforts, dedicating themselves instead to prayer, fasting, and ritual observances	10
13723740	Hearers	were less devout Manichaeans and they led more conventional lives, but they folowed a strict moral code and provided food and gifts to sustain the elect	11
13723741	Decline of Manichaeism	Mani was held prisoner and later on died because Sasanid rulers wanted to have Zoroastrianism as their main religion; they also killed other Manichaeism-ers in an effort to obliterate the religion	12
13805605	China After the Han Dynasty	han state was sort of ruled by the elites; so when the rich started marrying and stuff to the poor it led to constant backstabbing which in turn weakened it's central government	13
13805606	Wang Mang	had attempted to redistribute land in China, but his program did not survive his own brief reign	14
13805607	Peasant Rebellion	the rich decided to push economic tax pressure on the peasants; in 184 C.E. the Yellow Turban rebellion occured	15
13805608	Collapse of Han	the emperor basically became a puppet and the armies and generals held the strings; in 220 C.E. they abolished the han dynasty and divided it into 3 states; Wei, Wu, and Shu	16
13805609	Nomadic people	nomads became one with China; confucianism became irrelevant; people who used to support Confucianism turned to Daoism and Buddhism	17
13805610	Barracks Emperors	the 26 or more people that thought that they deserved the throne of Rome, which eventually led to its downfall	18
13805611	Diocletian	tried to deal with the problems of not being able to wield the large empire by dividing the empire into two administrative districts; a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, known as the tetrarchs	19
13805612	Tetrarchs	a coemperor ruled each district with the aid of a powerful lieutenant, and the four officials, known as the tetrarchs	20
13805613	Constantine	son of Diocletian's coruler Constantius; defeated most of his enemies, although he overcame his last rivals on in 324 C.E.; constructed Constantinople	21
13805614	Germanic	invasions of these people brought an end to Roman authority in the western half of the empire	22
13805615	Visigoths	came from Scandinavia and Russia; they were Germanic migrants	23
13805616	Huns	had warrior king Attila who organized the Huns into a virtually unstoppable military juggernaut; the Huns invaded Hungary, probed Roman frontiers in the Balkan region, menaced Gaul and northern Italy, and attacked Germanic peoples living on the borders of the Roman empire	24
13805617	Byzantine empire	after basically the western empire fell at the hands of the Germanic, the eastern managed to hang in there and they called themselves the Byzantine empire	25
13865077	Rhapta	contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade	26
13865078	Rome	contributed manufactured goods like glass, art, olive oil, and wine and dominated the Mediterranean	27
13865079	Jews	took goods from the Palmyra to the Mediterranean basin	28
13865080	Parthia	controlled sea trade in the Persian Gulf and overland trade within the empire	29
13865081	China	contributed fine silk and spices and was the eastern most extent of the trade routes	30
13865082	Central Asia	contributed horses and jade and dominated overland trade routes	31
13865083	India	contributed pepper and cotton, and exotic items like pearls	32
13865084	Southeast Asia	contributed spices and mariners in sea trade	33
13866635	Constantine and Christianity	experienced a vision that impressed upon him the power of the Christian God; he believed that God helped him to prevail over his rivals, and he promulgated the Edict of Milan	34
13866636	Theodosius	proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the roman empire	35
13866637	St. Augustine	bishop of the north African city of Hippo; had a fine education, and he was conversant with the leading intellectual currents of the day	36
13867211	Bishops	presided over religious affairs in their districts	37
13867212	Dioceses	religious affairs in the bishop's district	38
13867213	Nicaea and Chalcedon	took up the difficult and contentious issue of Jesus' nature; these were councils	39