Chapter 1 and 2 (Pre-historic age-Classical China) Flashcards

85531976	Paleolithic Age	Most of the 2 million-plus years during which our species has existed. Human beings learned only simple tool use (stone). During this time, humans spread over much of the Earth's surface.	0
85531977	Mesolithic Age	Tools and implements increased. Animals domesticated.	1
85531978	Neolithic Revolution	The invention and spread of agriculture	2
85531979	Prehistoric	Human patterns before the invention of writing	3
85531980	Civilization	Signs: writing, agriculture, political states	4
85531981	Catal Huyuk	Neolithic village in Southern Turkey	5
85531982	Tiger-Euphrates Civilization	Called Mesopotamia	6
85531983	Sumerians	People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.	7
85531984	Egyptian Civilization	Egyptian civilization emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egyptian civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized Egyptian civilization.	8
85531985	Indian River Valley Civilization	A prosperous urban civilization emerged along the Indus River by 2500 B.C.E., supporting several large cities, including Harappa, whose houses had running water. Indus River peoples had trading contacts with Mesopotamia, but they developed a distinctive alphabet and artistic forms. Invasions by Indo-Europeans, however, resulted in such complete destruction of this culture that little is known about its subsequent influence.	9
85531986	Chinese River Valley Civilization	Civilization along the Huanghe River (Yellow River) in China developed in considerable isolation, though some overland trading contact developed with India and the Middle East. In addition to the existence of an organized state that carefully regulated irrigation in the flood-prone river valley, the Chinese had produced advanced technology and elaborate intellectual life by about 2000 B.C.E. There was also less of a break between Chinese river valley society and the later emergence of civilization in China than in any other case.	10
85531987	Shang Dynasty	Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.	11
85531988	Jews	Term originally used to describe the people who resettled in the area of Judah following the Babylonian Exile; most commonly used to refer to followers of Judaism (monotheistic)	12
85531989	Bands	Basic unit of social organization among foragers, includes fewer than 100 people. Nomadic, small, mobile, kin-based groups with little differential power. Neolocal residence. minimal division of labor and gender stratification.	13
85531990	Hunting and gathering	The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.	14
85531991	Slash and burn agriculture	Fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.	15
85531992	Nomads	People with no permanent home; move from place to place in search of food	16
85531993	Babylonians	They extended their own empire and therefore helped bring civilization to the Middle East; Hammurabi introduced his code of law; it established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes	17
85531994	Ideographic	Pictures that suggest names of objects and events that became symbols	18
85531995	Zhou Dynasty	Displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher)	19
85534686	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire. He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. Built the Great Wall and other public works	20
85534687	Han Dynasty	Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	21
85534688	Wu Ti	Most famous Han ruler; promoted peace; supported Confucianism	22
85534689	Mandarin	The dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China	23
85534690	Dynasty	A sequence of powerful leaders in the same family	24
85534691	Mandate of Heaven	A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source	25
85534692	Era of Warring States	Regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty died;, 441-221 B.C.E. Feudal lords fight amongst each other for territory and power. Ethics of war are broken and new rules are less-gentlemen like.	26
85534693	Great Wall	A fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	27
85534694	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.	28
85534695	Mandarins	Members of the elite class of civil servants in Chinese government	29
85534696	"Mean People"	People of the lowest status; did unskilled jobs; wore a green scarf to show their status; punished harsher for crimes;	30
85534697	Patriarchal	A system of social organization built around authority and power of fathers	31
85534698	Confucius	Chinese philosopher, based on relationships	32
85534699	Daoism	Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events (Harmony with nature!)	33
85534700	Silk Road	an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles)	34