ap world history final review Flashcards

125171621	holy roman emperors	Emperors in Northern Italy and Germany, following split of Charlemagne's empire, claimed title of emperor blending religious and classical ideads. They however failed to develop affective monarchies in Germany.	0
125171622	william the conqueror	duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England	1
125171623	scholasticism	the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe	2
125171624	magna carta	A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the King	3
125171625	investiture	the practice of state appointment	4
125171626	manorialism	Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.	5
125171627	carolingians	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.	6
125171628	charlegmagne	Charles the great. Considered one of the most important leaders in European history. was named emperor of the Roman people by the pope and was a very skilled warrior	7
125171629	hanseatic league	German cities band together to make a trade club. Make seas safe from piracy again.	8
125171630	guilds	an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards	9
125171631	thomas aquinas	(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology	10
125171632	peter abelard	Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.	11
125171633	stoics	ethic system that emphasized an inner moral independence	12
125171634	cyrus the great	A remarkable leader who managed to reunite the Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world	13
125171635	julius ceasar	Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic	14
125171636	augustus ceasar	Julius Ceasar great nephew and adopted son; real name was Gaius Octavian; won struggle for power after Ceasar's death; Rome's first emperor and created their empire; ruled from 31 B.C- 14 A.D; lead Rome into Golden Age	15
125171637	diocletian and constantine	Strong emperors toward the end of the Roman empire who tried with some success to reverse fall	16
125171638	phillip II of Macedon	won an important battle in the peloponnesian wars;	17
125171639	pelopennesian wars	The wars that occurred multiple times between sparta and athens for control of greece	18
125171640	hellenistic period	trade flourished and important scientific centers were developed	19
125171641	punic wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	20
125171642	hagia sophia	Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.	21
125171643	tatars	Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact	22
125171644	boyars	The Russian nobility	23
125171645	cyril and methodius	missionaries that translated the Greek bible to the Cryllic bible	24
125171646	empress theodora	The most powerful woman in Byzantine history, she passed laws and advisd her husband, Justinian	25
125171647	kievan rus	grew out of settlements of slavs and Varangians; expanded territory under czars	26
125171648	shi'a	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	27
125171649	sunnis	Muslims that believe the caliph doesn't have to be related to Muhammad and should be chosen by the leaders of the Islamic community	28
125171650	ridda wars	wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	29
125171651	wazir	chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils	30
125171652	harun al rashid	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	31
125171653	seljuk turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	32
125171654	crusades	a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims	33
125171655	buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	34
125171656	lateen sails	propelled dhows	35
125171657	ibn khaldun	A Muslim Historian who wrote that all civilizations, rise and fall. He was also one of the first historians to study the affect of geography and climate on people.	36
125171658	sufis	mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life	37
125171659	ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	38
125171660	great zimbabwe	featured royal courts made of stone; created centralized state; king took title "Mwene Mutapa"	39
125171661	bantu	a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent	40
125171662	sharia	Islamic Law	41
125171663	jenne and timbuktu	Mali possesed "port cities" along the niger river such as __________ that flourished both commercially and culturally	42
125171664	songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	43
125171665	griots	professional oral historians; advisors to the kings	44
125171666	ibn batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records.	45
125171667	swahili coast	Past African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabicsawahil, meaning "shores.	46
125171668	sudanic states	kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; often had a patriarch; rulers were considered sacred; territorial core area	47
125171669	berbers	a member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt	48
125171670	mansa kankan musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	49
125171671	juula	Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa	50
125171672	stateless societies	Societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states.	51
125171673	hopewell	Native American culture which centered in the Ohio valley from 200 to 500 C.E.; known for earthen burial and defensive mounds.	52
125171674	cuzco	The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru	53
125171675	inca	a ruler of the Incas (or a member of his family)	54
125171676	split inheritance	Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy.	55
125171677	calpulli	Aztec clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders	56
125171678	tenochtitlan	capital of the Aztec empire	57
125171679	quetzalcoatl	Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes	58
125171680	toltecs	Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.	59
125171681	anasazi	a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings	60
125171682	mandarins	language	61
125171683	mandate of heaven	a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source	62
125171684	legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	63
125171685	han dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization	64
125171686	qin dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	65
125171687	zhou dynasty	displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher)	66
125171688	prehistoric	belonging to or existing in times before recorded history	67
125171689	bronze age	(archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	68
125171690	neolithic	New Stone Age	69
125171691	mesolithic	Middle Stone Age	70
125171692	paleolithic	Old Stone Age	71
125171693	sanskrit	the most important language of ancient India	72
125171694	vedas	a collection of sacred hymns and poems	73
125171695	upanishads	...	74