AP World History; Chapter 21 Flashcards
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| 117865525 | When did the Toltecs emerge? | 9th and 10th centuries, after the collapse of Teotihuacan | 0 | |
| 117865526 | What did the Toltecs do? (mid 10th-mid 12th c.) | established powerful state & army | 1 | |
| 117865527 | What was the Toltec capital city? | Tula, center of trade | 2 | |
| 117865528 | Toltec Decline | Civil strife in Tula (1125) Nomadic Invasions (1175) | 3 | |
| 117865529 | When did the Mexica (Aztecs) arrive? | mid 13th century | 4 | |
| 117865530 | What kind of people were the Aztecs? | warriors and raiders | 5 | |
| 117865531 | What was the Aztec capital city? | Tenochtitlan, modern Mexico City, 1345 | 6 | |
| 117865532 | Chinampas | Style of agriculture, using small pieces of fertile land on shallow lake beds | 7 | |
| 117865533 | Aztec military campaigns | On neighboring societies; Conquered & colonized Oaxaco, allied with Texcoco & Tlacpoan, built empire of 12 million | 8 | |
| 117865534 | How was the Aztec empire controlling/ oppressive? | No bureaucracy/ administration, allies had no army, tributes of 489 subject territories in Teno. | 9 | |
| 117865535 | Social Structure | Rigid social hierarchy 1.warriors 2.priests 3.women 4.artisans 5.slaves | 10 | |
| 117865536 | Mexica Warriors | Elite class, mostly from Mexica aristocracy. enjoyed wealth, honor and privileges | 11 | |
| 117865537 | Mexica Women | no public role, honored as mothers of warriors. active in commerce & crafts, but primary role was bearing children (dying in childbirth= celebrated) | 12 | |
| 117865538 | Mexica Priests | read omens, presided over rituals, monitored calendar; advised rulers, occationally became supreme warriors | 13 | |
| 117865539 | Mexica Cultivators/ Slaves | Worked on chinampas/ aristocratic lands, paid tribunes and provided service for public works, domestic servants | 14 | |
| 117865540 | Mexica Artisans/ Merchants | enjoyed prestige, valued for skilled work (esp. luxury items), trade could be profitable, but risky | 15 | |
| 117865541 | Mexica Deities | Adopted from prior mesoamerican cultures; Tezcalipoca & Quezalcoatl | 16 | |
| 117865542 | Ritual Bloodletting | Human sacrifice to Huitzilopochtli, large temple in center of Tenochtitlan (with thousands of skulls) | 17 | |
| 117865543 | People of the North | Pueblo & Navajo, Iroquois, mound- building peoples | 18 | |
| 117865544 | Pueblo & Navajo | large settled societies in sw america; agriculture & irrigation, in 700 began to build stone and adope buildings | 19 | |
| 117865545 | Iroquois | agricultural societies in e. woodlands of america, 5 nations emerged from Owasco society, had male & female roles | 20 | |
| 117865546 | Mound-Building peoples | eastern north america; built enormous mounds for ceremonies/ burials, largest in Cahokia (IL), evidence of society and trade in region | 21 | |
| 117865547 | Kingdom of Chucuito | dominated Andean south america after 12 c.; cultivated potatoes, herded llamas & alpacas, traded with lower valleys, chewed cocoa leaves | 22 | |
| 117865548 | Chimu | Powerful kingdom in low lands of Peru before 15 c., irrigation networks, cultivated maize and sweet potatoes, capital city, Chanchan, had large brick buildings | 23 | |
| 117865549 | Where did the Incas settle first? | Around Lake Titicaca, in the Andean Highlands, ruler Pachacuti launched campaigns against neighbors in 1438 & built large empire | 24 | |
| 117865550 | How did the Incas rule | As military & administrative elite | 25 | |
| 117865551 | Quipu | used for Record keeping in Inca society | 26 | |
| 117865552 | Capital City in Inca Society | Cuzco | 27 | |
| 117865553 | What did large Inca empire have (feature)? | Extensive road network running north and south, official runners carried messages (spread Quecha language) | 28 | |
| 117865554 | Trade in Inca society | Limited, local barter for agriculture goods and fewer specialized crafts | 29 | |
| 117865555 | Inca Society Structure | Hereditary Aristocracy; chief ruler was descendent of the sun, mummified rulers joined gods, aristocrats enjoyed luxuries, priests led celibate & ascetic lives (very influential) | 30 | |
| 117865556 | Peasants in Inca Society | Worked land & gave portion of produce to state, revenue supported ruling class and famine relief, provided heavy labor for public works | 31 | |
| 117865557 | Inca Priests | Served gods; sun god, Inti, creator god, Viracocha, ritual sacrifices practiced, strong moral dimension (rewards & punishments) | 32 | |
| 117865558 | Nomadic, foraging societies from Australia | Didn't take up agriculture; exchanged surplus food & small items during migrations, peoples of north coast had limited trade with those of New Guinea | 33 | |
| 117865559 | Aboriginal People (culture and religion) | deep concern w/ immediate environment, stories and myths related to geographical features | 34 | |
| 117865560 | Pacific Island Society trade | Trade between Island groups: Tonga, Samoa, & Fiji; distant lands became more isolated | 35 | |
| 117865561 | Polynesian Mariners | Took long voyages; settled Easter Island (300), reached w. coast of S. Amer., brought back sweet potato (new staple crop in Polynesia), settled hawaiian islands during 12-13 c. voyages | 36 | |
| 117865562 | Population growth on larger Pacific Islands | Result of diversified farming & fishing, on easter island, conflict & environmental degradation due to overpop. | 37 | |
| 117865563 | Complex social and political structures in Pacific Islands | Sandeleur Society at Pohnpei in Carolina Islands (1200-1600), specialized workers allowed distinct classes to emerge, social classes | 38 | |
| 117865564 | Where did powerful chiefs create centralized states? | Tonga & Hawaii | 39 | |
| 117865565 | Ali'i Nui | high chiefs of hawaii, allocated lands and organized men into military forces | 40 | |
| 117865566 | Priests in Polynesian religion | intermediates btw gods & humans; gods of war & agriculture were common | 41 | |
| 117865567 | Marae Mahiatea | Huge step pyramid for religious rituals on Tahiti | 42 |