Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Flashcards

233487513	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	0
233487514	Quraysh	Dominant tribe in Mecca, tribe of which Mohhamad was born	1
233487515	Allah	Muslim name for the one and only God	2
233487516	Five pillars	Basic rules of Islam. 1. Profession of faith 2. Pray five times a day 3. Give alms (give money) 4. Ramadan fast 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	3
233487517	Abu Bakr	Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.	4
233487518	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	5
233487519	Sunnis	A member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	6
233487520	Damascus	The chosen city by the umayyad Caliphs in Syria to be their capital. they ruled from ad 661 to ad 750	7
233487521	Abbasid	The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts.	8
233487522	Wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire	9
233487523	Mosque	A Muslim place of worship	10
233487524	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion	11
233487525	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	12
233487526	Muhammad	The Arab prophet who founded Islam	13
233487527	Umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	14
233487528	Hajj	The fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	15
233487529	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	16
233487530	Shi'a	The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad	17
233487531	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	18
233487532	Abu al-Abbas	The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab	19
233487533	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	20
233487534	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	21
233487535	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca	22
233487536	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	23
233487537	Quran	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam	24
233487540	Zakat	The fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving as an act of worship	25
233487541	Ali	The fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites	26
233487543	Jihad	A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	27
233487545	Dhimmis	A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society	28
233487547	Hadith	A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law	29
233487549	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	30
233487553	Ramadan	The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset	31