Chapter 23 Flashcards

145245721	Population Revolution	Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730: prelude to industrialization	0
145245722	Protoindustrialization	Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time pproducers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution	1
145245723	American Revolution	Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States	2
145245724	French Revolution	Overthrow of the Bourban monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Eruope	3
145245725	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the french Revolution	4
145245726	Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen	Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements	5
145245727	Guillotine	Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the french Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reing of Terror	6
145245728	Napoleon Bonaparte	Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the Revolution; became emperor; depsed and exiled in 1815	7
145245729	Congress of Vienna	Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restor the European balance of power	8
145245730	Liberalism	Political ideology that flourished in 19th century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments	9
145245731	Radicals	Followers of a 19th century Western Europe political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes	10
145245732	Socialism	Political idealogy in 19th century Europe; attacked priate property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production and an end to capitalistic exploration of the working class	11
145245733	Nationalism	European 19th century viewpoint, often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins	12
145245734	Greek Revolutioin	Rebellion of the greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintergration of the Turkish Bulkan Empire	13
145245735	French Revolution of 1830	Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy	14
145245736	Bulgian Revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy	15
145245737	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class	16
145245738	James Watt	Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industeries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution	17
145245739	Factory System	Intensification of all the processes of production at a single site during the Industrail Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline	18
145245740	Luddites	Workers in Britan who responded to the replacement of thier labor by machines during the Industrail Revolution by attemping to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd	19
145245741	Chartist Movement	Unseccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s	20
145245742	French Revolution of 1848	Overthrew the French monarchy established in1830; briefly established the Second French Republic	21
145245743	Revolutioins of 1848	The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary; after tempory succes they were surpressed	22
145245744	Louis Pateur	Discovery of germs and of the purifying process named after him	23
145245745	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867: an example of censervative politicains keeping stability through the reform	24
145245746	Count Camillo di Cavour	Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a consstitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont	25
145245747	Otto von Bismarck	Conservative prime mminister of Prussia; architect of German inification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to mantian stability	26
145245748	American Civil War (1861-1865)	Fought to prevent secession of the southern state; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slaery and the reunification of the United States	27
145245749	Transformismo	Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberal in support of the status quo	28
145245750	Social Question	Isses relating to workers and women in western Euroope during the Industrail Revolution; became more critical thean constitutional issues after 1870	29
145245751	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controling the means of production; preched the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarain dictatorship	30
145245752	Revisionsm	Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulations; believed that socail and economical progress could be achieved through exsisting political institutioins	31
145245753	Feminist Movement	Sought legal and economical gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education, come to concentrate on the right to vote, won initial support from middle-class women	32
145245754	Mass Leisure Culture	An aspect of the later Industrail Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms og lesiure times, such as vacation trips and sports	33
145245755	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed the thoery of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival	34
145245756	Albert Einstein	Formulated mathematical theories to explain the dehavior of pplanetary motion and the movement of electrical particles, in about 1900 issued the thoery of relativity	35
145245757	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physicain who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious, argued that behavor is determined by impulses	36
145245758	Romanticism	19th century western European artistic and literary movement, held that emotion and impressions, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and natue; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection	37
145245759	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	38
145245760	Triple Entente	Agreement betwenn Britan. Russia, and France in 1907; part of the european balance of power system before World War I	39
145245761	Balkan Nationalism	Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked cirses within the European alliance system that ended the outbreak of World War I	40
145245762	Industrail Revolution	Series of changes in economy of Western Nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercal revolution in the 17th century, and the deelopment of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production	41
145245763	Age of Revolution	Period of political upheval beinning roughly with te American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and te other movements for change up to 1848	42
145245764	Conservative	political viewpoint with origins in western europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advanced restoration of monarchy and defense of the church	43
145245765	Imperialism	the policy of expanding nation territory through colonization and conquest	44