Chapter 10 Christian Europe Emerges Flashcards

236047785	charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.	0
236047786	medieval	Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)	1
236047787	byzantine empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)	2
236047788	manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)	3
236047789	serfs	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)	4
236047790	nobles	rich powerful families making up the upper class; managed the kings land/ manor.	5
236047791	fief	land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service	6
236047792	vassal	In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)	7
236047793	papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)	8
236047794	schism	a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions	9
236047795	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)	10
236047796	investiture controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.	11
236047797	monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)	12
236047798	kievan russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)	13
236047799	horse collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)	14
236047800	crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the holy land by christians determined to recover jerusalem from muslim rule. The crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.	15
236047801	pilgrimage	Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. (270)	16