AP World Chapter 7 Flashcards

251801659	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	0
251801660	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and capturing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	1
251801661	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	2
251801662	Sufis	Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions	3
251801663	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian Kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	4
251801664	Mameluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	5
251801665	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	6
251801666	Harun al-Rashid	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	7
251801667	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	8
251801668	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	9
251801669	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors has a cycle of three generations; strong, weak, dissolute	10
251801670	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	11
251801671	al-Ghazali	pioneer of methods of doubt and skepticism; changed course of early Muslim philosophy to one based on cause and effect by God and intermediate angels, known today as occasionalism	12
251801672	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	13
251801673	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation of intolerance and aggressionN	14
251801674	Mahmud of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control	15
251801675	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india	16
251801676	Mir Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	17
251801677	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	18
251801678	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	19
251801679	Chinggis Kahn	Mongral leaeder who conqured part of the Abissid region	20
251801680	Hulegu	Son of Chinggis Kahn who conqured Baghdad	21
251801681	Malacca	A trade town	22
251801682	Demak	The most important trading port	23
251801683	lateen	the sail of a dhow	24