AP World History - 8000 BCE to 600 CE Vocab Flashcards

213937153	Neolithic Age	the "New Stone Age"; the time period when agriculture was adopted in human societies; 8000 BCE to 3500 BCE	0
213937154	Catal Huyuk	one of the first towns, along with Jericho, to come about; in southern [modern-day] Turkey; 7000 BCE to 4000 BCE	1
213937155	cultural diffusion	how plants, animals, goods, and ideas spread between different groups of people; how the world develops	2
213937156	surplus	to have or attain an excess of something (in this case, food); the first people to practice agriculture had this	3
213937157	megalith	stone blocks serving as monuments or religious tributes; present in parts of Eurasia and the Middle East; built during Neolithic Age	4
213937158	periodization	division of different times in history into specific sections decided by similar events/cultures	5
213937159	migrations	permanent moves to new locations that occur on local, regional, and global levels; affected by push and pull factors	6
213937160	civilizations	groups of people that have a reliable surplus, specialized jobs, class divisions, growth, government, trade, and systems of writing; came about around 4000 to 3500 BCE	7
213937161	Stone Age	the time period of human prehistory; lasted from 68,000 BCE to 3500 BCE; both the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages	8
213937162	Paleolithic Age	the "Old Stone Age"; hunter-gatherers resided in this time period; lasted from 68,000 BCE to 8000 BCE	9
213937163	foragers	hunter-gatherers; people that found and collected food; lasted almost the entire Paleolithic Age	10
213937164	agricultural revolutions	the transformation from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a farming lifestyle; occurred from 8000 BCE to 2500 BCE	11
213937165	bipedalism	the ability to walk on two limbs; eventually developed in the process of human evolution	12
213937166	pastoralism	the practice of being one of the first domesticators of animals; semi-nomadic people; came about in the Neolithic Age	13
213937167	division of labor	hunting/gathering groups split labor between men and women; farming groups divided work based upon who was best at a certain job; Neolithic Age	14
213937168	polytheism	the belief in multiple gods; developed in religions started in farming communities; centered around nature; 8000 BCE	15
213937169	Harappa	second city discovered in the Indus River Valley; thrived from 3000 to 1500 BCE; center of trade	16
213937170	system failure	occurred around 1900 BCE in the Indus River Valley; a breakdown of all political, social, and economic systems that support an area or civilization	17
213937171	llama	horse-like animal; domesticated by the Chavin people of Mesoamerica and then was used as a beast of burden	18
213937172	Hyksos	people from north of Egypt; attacked and defeated the Egyptians in the 1700s BCE; ruled over Egypt until 1550 BCE; copper [Egyptians] vs. bronze	19
213937173	ziggurat	large stone pyramid-like structures in Mesopotamia; built by slaves, worshipped at by priests	20
213937174	scribe	people who wrote cuneiform for a living; had higher power and higher social status; 3500 to 500 BCE writing develops	21
213937175	Epic of Gilgamesh	one of the first stories/epics recorded in writing [cuneiform]; written 2000 BCE by scribes in Mesopotamia	22
213937176	Isis	Egyptian goddess of the Nile and of fertility; part of Egyptian religion with strong ties to agriculture	23
213937177	dynastic cycles	the process in which a dynasty strengthens, peaks, and weakens, allowing a new dynasty to take over; members of ruling families starting with the Zhou Dynasty	24
213937178	Mandate of Heaven	the belief that gods gave ruling families power and the rights to take power and rule; 1300 BCE to about 1900 CE	25
213937179	oracle bones	specially prepared bones and tortoiseshell that were used by shamans, who claimed they possessed the power to read them	26
213937180	shaman	types of priests from Ancient China; claimed the ability to read oracle bones to contact ancestors and/or gods	27
213937181	Mesopotamia	a cultural hearth where cuneiform and the first written code of law were created; about 3500 BCE to 500 BCE	28
213937182	Babylon	part of Mesopotamia conquered by the Babylonians in the 1700s BCE; lasted until about 1500 BCE; led by Hammurabi	29
213937183	Sumerians	first important group of people living in Mesopotamia; built the earliest form of civilization; 5000 BCE to 2300 BCE	30
213937184	city-state	an area that functioned as both a city and state with its own government; how Mesopotamia was organized	31
213937185	Hammurabi	leader of the Babylonian takeover in 1700 BCE; from the city of Ur; created the world's first set of laws	32
213937186	cuineform	earliest form of writing; developed in Mesopotamia; a system of lines and triangles	33
213937187	Akkadian Empire	led by the Semite, Sargon the Great; united the city-states of Mesopotamia; 2300 BCE to 2200 BCE; capital was Akkad	34
213937188	Hittites	conquered and took control of Mesopotamia in the 1500s BCE; took over from the Babylonians; ended 900 BCE	35
213937189	pharaoh	were revered and obeyed by the Egyptian people; reincarnations of Horus; seen to have divine connections	36
213937190	ma'at	the divinely controlled order of the universe, supposedly maintained by Egyptian pharaohs	37
213937191	pyramid	built by slaves and the lower class; large triangular structures built as tombs for the pharaohs and the rich	38
213937192	hieroglyphics	an early form of writing developed in Ancient Egypt; composed mainly of pictographs; 3100 to 700 BCE	39
213937193	papyrus	an early form of paper discovered by Ancient Egyptians; created from strips of a plant pressed together	40
213937194	mummy	form of post-mortem preservation used by Ancient Egyptians in accordance with their religion; center of religion	41
213937195	Horus	spirit represented in the Egyptian pharaohs; an Egyptian god, son of Osiris and Iris	42
213937196	Osiris	an Egyptian god, ruler of the afterlife; strong ties to the afterlife in Egyptian religion	43
213937197	Menes	by Egyptian legend, the first pharaoh; special access to the gods, the strongest	44
213937198	Meroe	a kingdom that was the center of economic trade and wealth; in the Nubian region	45
213937199	monotheism	developed by some in the Nubian region, desert area; belief in only one god; developed later in ancient Nubian history	46
213937200	patriarchy	a system of government (a monarchy, in this case) that is dominated by males; the pharaohs of Egypt	47
213937201	Book of the Dead	a collection of papyrus texts that contained incantations of funeral rituals; reveals more about Egyptian religion	48