chapter 19 Flashcards

20015683	Ferdinand of Aragon	monarch of largest CHristian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World	0
20015684	Isabella of Castile	monarch of largest CHristian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World	1
20015685	Encomiendas	grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.	2
20015686	Hispaniola	first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.	3
20015687	Bartolome' de las Casas	.	4
20015688	Hernan Cortes	led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conqueror responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan.	5
20015689	Moctezuma II	last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes' conquest of Tenochtitlan.	6
20015690	Francisco Vazquez de Coronado	leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold.	7
20015691	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.	8
20015692	Mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	9
20015693	Potosi	mine located in upper Peru; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver.	10
20015694	Huancavelica	location of greatest deposite of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi.	11
20015695	Haciendas	rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.	12
20015696	Casa de la Contratacion	.	13
20015697	Consulado	merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.	14
20015698	Treaty of Tordesillas	signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession on New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.	15
20015699	Recopilacion	body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions on New Worls; basis of law in the Indies.	16
20015700	Council of the Indies	body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.	17
20015701	Letrados	university-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions.	18
20015702	Viceroyalties	two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other based in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king.	19
20015703	Audiencia	royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates.	20
20015704	Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz	.	21
20015705	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil.	22
20015706	Captaincies	strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for developement; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony.	23
20015707	Paulistas	backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century.	24
20015708	Minas Gerais	region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush.	25
20015709	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763.	26
20015710	Sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle.	27
20015711	Peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain.	28
20015712	Creoles	whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares.	29
20015713	Amigos del pais	clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform.	30
20015714	War of Spanish Succession	resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French.	31
20015715	Charles III	Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.	32
20015716	Commercio libre	.	33
20015717	Jose de Galvez	Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government.	34
20015718	Marquis of Pombal	prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.	35
20015719	Comunero Revolt	one of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.	36
20015720	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.	37
20015721	Francisco Pizarro	led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish.	38