Ch 19 Terms Flashcards

Latin America

147882864	encomienda	Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies	0
147882865	audiencia	Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates	1
147882866	Bartolomé de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights	2
147882867	Hernán Cortés	Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan	3
147882868	Francisco Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish	4
147882869	Coronado	Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold	5
147882870	encomendero	Holder of an encomienda; able to use Indians as workers or to tax them	6
147882871	Treaty of Tordesillas	Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain	7
147882872	Huancavelica	Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí	8
147882873	consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return	9
147882874	letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions	10
147882875	Paulistas	Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century	11
147882876	War of the Spanish Succession	Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French	12
147882877	sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle	13
147882878	José de Gálvez	Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government	14
147882879	Caribbean	First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda, system of colonial management, initiated here	15
147882880	Casa de Contratación	Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regularized commerce with New World; supplied colonial provisions	16
147882881	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763	17
147882882	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan	18
147882883	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541	19
147882884	Potosí	Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver	20
147882885	haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy	21
147882886	Creoles	Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares	22
147882887	galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion	23
147882888	Recopilación	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies	24
147882889	Minas Gerais	Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush	25
147882890	peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain	26
147882891	Marquis of Pombal	Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy	27
147882892	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution	28
147882893	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World	29
147882894	captaincies	Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony	30
147882895	Comunero Revolt	One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels	31
147882896	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs	32
147882897	mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control	33