Ch 25 Terms Flashcards

Terms for Ch 25, about Latin America and how they get independence, etc

150428315	Toussaint L'overture	Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804	0
150428316	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed	1
150428317	Gran Colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations	2
150428318	Dom Pedro I	Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil	3
150428319	Andrés Santa Cruz	Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839	4
150428320	caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America	5
150428321	Monroe Doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade	6
150428322	fazendas	Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil	7
150428323	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States	8
150428324	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America	9
150428325	La Reforma	The name given to the liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna	10
150428326	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy	11
150428327	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists	12
150428328	Domingo F. Sarmiento	Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation	13
150428329	modernization theory	The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America	14
150428330	dependency theory	Belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that development and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America	15
150428331	Joseph Bonaparte	Older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte; made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish and led to the costly Peninsula War	16
150428332	Augustín de Iturbide	Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824	17
150428333	José de San Martín	Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well	18
150428334	Dr. José Rodriguez de Francia	Ruler of independent Paraguay; ruled country as dictator until 1840	19
150428335	Manifest Destiny	Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War	20
150428336	centralists	Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives	21
150428337	guano	Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery	22
150428338	Antonio López de Santa Anna	Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854	23
150428339	gauchos	Bands of mounted rural workers in the region of the Rio de la Plata; aided local caudillos in splitting apart the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata after 1816	24
150428340	Maximilian von Habsburg	Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867	25
150428341	Porfirio Díaz	One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government	26
150428342	cientificos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization	27
150428343	Spanish-American War	War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines	28
150428344	mask of Ferdinand	Term given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence	29
150428345	Simon Bolívar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia	30
150428346	Dom João VI	Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro	31
150428347	federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals	32
150428348	positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence	33
150428349	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914	34