8000 BCE - 600 CE Flashcards

PLEASE HELP CONDENSE THESE DEFINITIONS.

158907883	egypt	society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead	0
158907884	Tigris	the eastern of the two rivers that define the historic region of the fertile crescent, empties into the Persian Gulf. Baghdad alongside this river	1
158907885	Ghana	First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. , once known as the Gold Coast. Gold and salt trade.	2
158907886	NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION	The shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC	3
158907887	treaty of verdun	Signed in 843, the treaty divided the carolingian empire into three sections, which led to the eventual destruction of charlemagne's empire	4
159180793	Eurasia	the land mass formed by the continents of Europe and Asia	5
159180794	Continent	one of the large landmasses of the earth noun Ex. "there are seven continents"	6
159180795	The Sahara	the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa. Another important pattern of long distance trade from North Africa/Mediterranean to interior West Africa with a transforming impact; rooted in environmental variation	7
159180796	The Himalayas	..., a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet. Ex. this range contains the world's highest mountain., marks the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics.	8
159180797	The Andes	..., a mountain range in South America running 5000 miles along the Pacific coast (Longest mountain range in the world and the highest mountains in the Western Hemisphere). The Border between Argentina and Chile	9
159180798	Oceans: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, arid Pacific	...	10
159180799	The Mediterranean Sea	..., the largest inland sea. Ex. between Europe and Africa and Asia	11
159180800	Mesopotamia: Sumeria and Babylon	...	12
159180801	The Fertile Crescent	a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates. [SOMEONE WANA CONDENCE?] The mutually stimulating interactions of different cultures first become obvious in the Near East, which a turmoil of over-population and wanderings of people are the background for the first civilization appeared and prospered in the Fertile Crescent. Linguistic differences provide another distinction among the people of early civilized times in the Fertile Crescent, including Hamitic(evolved in Africa north and north-east of the Sahara), Semities of the Arabian peninsula, the Indo-Europeans from southern Russia, and Caucasian from Gergia and Caucasus region. The Caucasian occupied the Fertile Crescent in 4000BC, followed by Semitic people established in central Mesopotamia, across the middle reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. The interplay and rivalry of the Semitic people with the Caucasians is a continuing theme in the early history of the area, followed by Hittites, one of Indo-European groups, entered into Anatolia from Europe, to dispute and mingle with the Semitic and Caucasion people in the Crescent by 2000BC.	13
159180802	Tigris and Euphrates River	..., Two rivers on either side of Mesopotamia flowing southeastward to the Persian Gulf.	14
159180803	Egypt	..., a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971.Ex. site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC. an ancient empire west of Israelcentered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament,	15
159180804	Nile River	..., the world's longest river (4180 miles). Ex. flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization. flows south to north, empties into Mediterranean sea, floods same time every year, carried silt (VERY fetrile) .the Ancient Egyptians depended upon it for survival	16
159180805	Indus River	allowed for a prosperous urban civilization and it formed around 2500 BCE; supported several large cities including Harappa and Mohenjo Daro; the houses even had running water; developed their own distinctive alphabet alphabet and artistic form;	17
159180806	Huang He AND Yellow River	...the largest city and former capital of Turkey noun Ex. rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine	18
159180807	Yangzi River: "River of Sorrows"	...	19
159180808	Central Asia and Mongolia	...	20
159180809	Constantinople	the largest city and former capital of Turkey. rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Chu,	21
159180810	Ghana	..., a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. Ex. "Ghana was colonized as the Gold Coast by the British"	22
159180811	Prehistory vs. History	..., Prehistory - period of time before writing had been invented while history is any time after writing had been invented where humans now know exactly what had happened rather than making assumptions	23
159180812	The "Out ofAfrica" thesis vs. the multiregional thesis	...	24
159180813	The Stone' Age: the Paleolithic era and the Neolithic era,	...	25
159180814	Family units, clans, and tribes .	...	26
159180815	Hunting and gathering societies	...	27
159180816	Gender division of labor	...	28
159180817	The domestication ofanimals and plants	...	29
159180818	Civilization	..., a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations). Ex. "the people slowly progressed from barbarism to civilization"	30
159180819	Features of a civilization:	...	31
159180820	development of a written language	...	32
159180821	city	...people living in a large densely populated municipality, a large and densely populated urban area (Ex. may include several independent administrative districts; "Ancient Troy was a great city"), an incorporated administrative district established by state charter,	33
159180822	specialization of labor	..., individuals could specialize in different types of jobs; it was no longer necessary for one individual to learn how to do every kind of work	34
159180823	public works	..., structures (such as highways or schools or bridges or docks) constructed at government expense for public use	35
159180824	how a civilization asserts and legitimizes authority [i.e., mandate of heaven; pharaoh]	...	36
159180825	metallurgy and metalworking	...	37
159180826	Cuneiform	..., an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia, (A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia 3000 b.c.e)	38
159180827	The Gilgamesh epic .	...	39
159180828	Hammurabi's law code	..., -Babylonian -18th century BC -first known widespread complete and complex set of rules and penalties -mostly laws and etiquette for business -issued under the authority of the Sun God Shamash	40
159180829	The Egyptian Book ofthe Dead	...	41
159180830	Pyramids	..., A group of huge monuments in the desert of Egypt, built as a burial vaults for ancient Egyptian kings. The age of building this object in Egypt began about 2700 B.C.E	42
159180831	Hieroglyphics	..., an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds	43
159180832	Indus valley civilization	...	44
159180833	Urban planning (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)	...	45
159180834	Early China: Shang, Zhou	...	46
159180835	The Hittites and iron weapons	...	47
159180836	The Assyrians and cavalry warfare	...	48
159180837	The Persian Empire (tolerance)	...	49
159180838	The Hebrews and monotheism	...	50
159180839	The Phoenicians and the alphabet	...	51
159180840	The Lydians and coinage	...	52
159180841	Classical Societies: Greece, India, Rome, Persia, China	...	53
159180842	The Greek city-states (Sparta and Athens)	...	54
159180843	Democracy	...	55
159180844	Hellenism	...	56
159180845	The Roman Republic	...	57
159180846	Plebeians vs. patricians	...	58
159180847	The Roman Empire	...	59
159180848	China's Qin, Han and Tang dynasties	...	60
159180849	The Chinese tributary system	HLP, form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty	61
159180850	The Silk Road	One of the first trade routes in the world,an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.	62
159180851	Heian Japan	..., (794-1185 C.E.) local rulers on the island of Honshu recognized the emperor as Japan's supreme political authority, but, unlike China, Japanese emperors rarely ruled; they only acted as figure heads. Fujiwara family had the power. Two sections of rule: imperial house and ruling parties and factions. Culture of Heian was influenced by Chinese traditions.	63
159180852	Dravidians	EXPAND PLZThe , one of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago	64
159180853	the Indian caste system	...A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society 1: Brahmanism or Priests 2: Kshatriyas or Rulers and Warriors 3: Vaisyans or Commoners, Farmers, Craftsmen, and Traders 4: Sudras or Laborers and Servants The caste system was family based and you could not move up a class	65
159180854	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	66
159180855	Early Medieval Europe	..., After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes that had invaded the empire settled into different parts of western Europe and formed their own kingdoms. The map above shows the major kingdoms that were in place by the beginning of this period (600 C.E.) The borders of the kingdoms changed frequently as the groups invaded one another's territory, and many other smaller groups were involved in the fighting.	67
159180856	Feudalism	A political system based on the rule of local lords bound to a king by ties of loyalty. It developed as a system of local defense against invaders in western Europe, China, and Japan. DICT DEF= The social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C	68
159180857	Bantu migrations	A millenia long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving tocommunities and small groups moving to new areas also known as Bantu Expansions.ALT.Made the establishment of agricultural societies possible throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa. Resulted in a great deal of cultural mixing, mingling, and the spread of religous beliefs.	69
159187730	The Olmec	..., The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's Formative period, dating roughly from 1400 BCE to about 400 BCE. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed. Among other "firsts", there is evidence that the Olmec practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies.	70
159187731	The Maya	..., Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula; major focus was religion; made an accurate calendar with 365 days; built large stone temples in the shape of pyramids; created their own system of hieroglyphics; civilization declined around 900 AD for unknown reasons.	71
159187732	Cultural diffusion vs. independent innovation	...	72
159187733	Class distinctions, hierarchy, and social stratification	...	73
159187734	Social mobility	..., The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.	74
159187735	Caste system	HLP? a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity, System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven.	75
159187736	Patriarchies vs. matriarchies	Patriarchies- authority vested in males; male control of a society or group. matriarchies- authority vested in females; female control of a society or	76
159187737	Aristocracy (nobility or noble class)	..., the most powerful members of a society, a privileged class holding hereditary titles.	77
159187738	oligarchy	..., a political system governed by a few people, "leadership of the few"; a form of government in which the full exercise of political rights and power in a city-state was limited to the affluent ... many of them were aristocrats. In the 5th century BC, Sparta was the leading proponent of oligarchy.	78
159187739	Republic	..., a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	79
159187740	Democracy	..., a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them, AND/OR the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives	80
159187741	Theocracy	EXPAND, the belief in government by divine guidance	81
159187742	Slavery vs. serfdom	..., - Slavery: the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages - Serfdom: A medieval peasant who was forced to work the land of a lord's manor in exchange for protection. They were little more than slaves.	82
159187743	Religious interaction and missionary activity	...	83
159187744	Migration	..., the movement of persons from one country or locality to another AND/OR , the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding	84
159187745	Polytheism	..., belief in multiple Gods	85
159187746	Zoroastrianism	..., system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster. EX. set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil)	86
159187747	Judaism and monotheism (the Ten Commandments, the Torah, the Talmud)	...	87
159187748	YH'NH (Yahweh) and the Messiah	...	88
159187749	The Jewish Diaspora	..., The exile that forced several israelites from the states of Israel, Jordan and parts of Lebanon.	89
159187750	Hinduism (the Upanishads, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad-Gita)	...	90
159187751	Karma and dharma	...	91
159187752	Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva	...	92
159187753	The caste system (the Laws of Manu)	...	93
159187754	Moksha	..., The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	94
159187755	Buddhism (The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path)	...	95
159187756	Nirvana	..., (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation. ex. EX. characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness	96
159187757	Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism	...	97
159187758	Daoism	...	98
159187759	Confucianism (The Analects, filial piety, 5 relationships, value of education, view of merchants)	...	99
159187760	The Mandate of Heaven	...	100
159187761	Dynastic Cycle	...	101
159187762	Christianity	...	102
159187763	The Bible (Old and New testaments)	...	103
159187764	The Edict of Milan	...	104
159187765	The Neolithic Revolution	...	105
159187766	The Persian Wars	...	106
159187767	The Peloponnesian War	...	107
159187768	Punic Wars	...	108
159187769	The Aryan Invasion of India	...	109
159187770	Treaty of Verdun	...	110
159187771	Battle of Tours	...	111
159187772	The Exodus from Egypt (Passover)	...	112
159187773	Expulsion of the Jews from the Roman Empire	...	113
159190480	Hammurabi	...	114
159190481	Alexander the Great	...	115
159190482	Homer	...	116
159190483	Socrates	...	117
159190484	Plato	...	118
159190485	Aristotle	...	119
159190486	Julius Caesar	...	120
159190487	Shi Huangdi	...	121
159190488	Lady Murasaki	...	122
159190489	Asoka	...	123
159190490	Emperor Justinian	SHORTEN..., Emperor Justinian ruled over the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE. His goal was to reunite the east and the west. He secured the eastern borders with diplomacy and sent most of his troops to reconquer the west. This left the East unprotected and without the resource of manpower. He built the Hagia Sophia and established the Corpus Juris Civilis. He ruled using Caesaropapism and combined religion and law. His motto was "One empire, one church, one law!" He made every citizen covert to Christianity.	124
159190491	Charlemagne	..., King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)	125
159190492	The Olmec	..., The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's Formative period, dating roughly from 1400 BCE to about 400 BCE. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed. Among other "firsts", there is evidence that the Olmec practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies. Giant heads.	126
159190493	The Maya	CONSOLIDATE., Most advanced of all the pre-Columbian Amerindians by building on ancient cultural traditions, Mayan written language and complex calendar derived from the Olmec prototypes, concept of zero, models for the classical Amerindian civilization. Lived in the area we know as Central America and Mexico's Yucatan peninsula	127
159190494	Abraham	..., the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac, the first of the great Biblical patriarchs, father of Isaac, and traditional founder of the ancient Hebrew nation: considered by Muslims an ancestor of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.	128
159190495	Moses	..., (Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus. EX. according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christia	129
159190496	David and Solomon	..., David established the capital of Jerusalem. He was a favorite of the people and was anointed as the second king. Solomon was David's son. Builds a temple in Jerusalem for David. First king during time of peace. Kingdom was divided after Solomon's reign.	130
159190497	Siddhartha Gautama	HELP HERE, founder of Buddhism; grew up a wealthy prince in the warrior class; had a family and became a monk; through meditation gained enlightenment; called the Buddha	131
159190498	Laozi	the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism)	132
159190499	Confucius	..., Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.	133
159190500	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth	134
159190501	Emperor Constantine	founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire	135