AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

168520183	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian empire across the norhtern Mediterranean and into northwestern India by 500 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian empires	0
168520184	Zoroastrianism	new religion developed by Persians; animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire	1
168520185	Olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	2
168520186	Pericles	most famous Greek political figure; dominated Athenian politics; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early ages of Peloponnesian War	3
168520187	Peloponnesian Wars	wars in which Athens and Sparta fought for control of Greece (431-404 BCE); resulted in Sparta victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	4
168520188	Hellenistic period	culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquerers; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	5
168520189	Alexandria, Egypt	one of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies	6
168520190	Roman republic	the balanced constitution of Rome from 510 to 47 BCE; featured an arictocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies	7
168520191	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage to estbalish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	8
168520192	Carthage	originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterannean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean	9
168520193	Hannibal	great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama	10
168520194	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	11
168520195	Augustus Caesar	name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome	12
168520196	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 BCE; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually	13
168520197	direct democracy	literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives	14
168520198	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 BCE	15
168520199	Senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution	16
168520200	consuls	two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	17
168520201	Cicero	conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	18
168520202	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	19
168520203	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independencecultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	20
168520204	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	21
168520205	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	22
168520206	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	23
168520207	Iliad	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths	24
168520208	Odyssey	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths	25
168520209	Doric	along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles	26
168520210	city-state	form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	27
168520211	twelve tables	first code of laws introduced by early Roman republic; introduced by 450 BCE	28