ap world history Flashcards

261221031	aztec empire/mexica	aztec empire started with mexica (seminomadic people) who settled in lake texcoco; capital city-tenochtitlan; loosely structured, unstable; high population; trade; traded slaves, used for sacrifice; gender parallelism (women and men were different but equivalent)	0
261221032	chosen women	women in inca civilization who were specialists in certain things; they were taken from home very young, trained in inca ideology, and set to their areas of specialization; given as wives to men of distinction, were priestesses	1
261221033	1453-fall of Constantinople	marked the final demise of Christian Byzantium and Ottoman rulers saw themselves as successors to the roman empire; was because of different religions	2
261221034	fulbe	west africa's largest pastoral society; eastward migration; agriculture; adopted islam	3
261221035	huitzilopochtli	aztec god of the sun; he "required blood" for energy and to give light	4
261221036	igbo/ibo	dense population and trade in nowaday southern nigeria, purposely rejected kingship and state building	5
261221037	iroquois league of five nations	the "great law of peace"; confederation council of clan leaders, suppressed neighbors from fighting, helped relations with outsiders like those from europe	6
261221038	ming dynasty	very prosperous; confucianism; no foreign rule; centralized gov; civil service exam; headed by emperor yongle	7
261221039	quechua	language used in inca empire	8
261221040	ottoman empire	huge; sultans called caliphs; wanted to unite islamic world; aggression towards christian lands (fall of constantinople, siege of vienna)	9
261221041	european renaissance	restoration of classical greek traditions; greater naturalism in art; humanist scholars started exploring non-religious (secular) matters	10
261221042	songhay empire	in west africa; islam limited to urban elites; operated intersection of trans-saharan trade routes; much of its wealth came from taxing commerce; monarch was sonni ali	11
261221043	timbuktu	muslim learning center in songhay empire	12
261221044	yongle	sponsored an 11,000 volume Encyclopedia; ming dynasty; eliminate all signs of foreign rule; confucianism; reestablished civil service exam; highly centralized government with eunuchs; infrastructure	13
261221045	modern/modernity	industrialization; population increase; upper class was of urban wealth, not rural landowning elites; states=more powerful; ideas (such as liberalism, nationalism, feminism, socialism)	14
261221046	european city states (venice)	at beginning very competitive and independent; learned to tax citizens more effectively, to create administrative structures, and to have good armies; ottomans	15
261221047	benin	centralized territorial state ruled by warrior king named Ewuare	16
261221048	columbus	sailed across the atlantic, funded by spain; ran into the americas instead of the east (ie india, etc.); 1492	17
261221049	firestick farming	purposely starting fires to create grasslands	18
261221050	vasco dagama	1497 he went around the tip of south africa, along the east african coast, and across the indian ocean to calicut, india	19
261221051	hundred years war	france fought with england over rival claims to territory in france; result of competitive city-states	20
261221052	inca empire	quechua speakers; in the andes; absolute ruler was divine; different provinces; population data recorded on quipus (knotted cords); high population; capital = cuzco; everyone had to perform labor service; trading; gender parallelism; attempted cultural integration of conquered people (different religious ideas, although they had to learn quechua)	21
261221053	malacca/melaka	major muslim port city in southeast asia; malaccan islam had hindu and buddhist values; center for islamic learning	22
261221054	mita	labor service in which most people in the inca empire had to carry out; work on state farms, herding, mining, military service, state construction, production of goods; state provided feasts in return	23
261221055	mughal empire	created by nomads; in india; wanted to unite hindus and muslims	24
261221056	pochteca	professional merchants in the aztecs; they were regarded as commoners but had much wealth, usually more than the nobles, so they could control the society	25
261221057	safavid empire	persia; sufi religious order (shia islam); fought with ottoman empire because they were sunni islam	26
261221058	tenochtitlan	aztec capital situated on a lake; huge population; much infrastructure; large marketplaces	27
261221059	triple alliance	mexica + two other city states united; program for military conquest; conquered a lot of mesoamerica; aztec rulers	28
261221060	zhenghe	commander of chinese fleet to enroll distant people/states in chinese tribute system; did not want to conquer new territories	29
261221061	contingency (in history)	...	30
261221062	trading post empire	goal was to control commerce, not territories or populations; used by portuguese because they didn't have goods to keep up with trade	31
261221063	banda islands	islands near indonesia where the dutch killed and enslaved their people to take control of the islands in order to produce nutmeg	32
261221064	british/dutch east india companies	indian ocean commerce; were private trading companies to handle trade; merchants invested; controlled by government; had power to make war and govern conquered people; their own trading post empires (indonesia for dutch, india for england); dutch stole local economy of spice islands, traded many spices; british was in bombay, calcutta, and madras; could not compete with mughal empire on land; cotton became most important trade good for british	33
261221065	mercantilism/mercantile system	government controls trade/the economy	34
261221066	daimyo/samurai	feudal lords who were supported by samurai (an army)	35
261221067	indian ocean commercial network	much needed for spice trade; europeans sought trading posts here, because they liked spices	36
261221068	magellan, dagama	magellan circumnavigated the globe and found the philippines, where spain soon established a base	37
261221069	piece of eight	spanish coin	38
261221070	potosi	in bolivia; became largest city in americas because it was the world's largest silver mine; europeans lived in good conditions while native americans lived in poor conditions	39
261221071	closed country edict	japan's edict for isolating itself; closing its country; no ships or people to leave, no people can come in	40
261221072	silver drain	most of the world's silver ended up in asia (especially china)	41
261221073	spanish philippines	small, competitive chiefdoms; forced relocation, tribute, taxes, and unpaid labor; made them christian; spanish settlers, religious people, and filipino elite lived well	42
261221074	atlantic slave trade/philip curtin	took many slaves from africa to the americas (many died during passage however); plantation agriculture = main purpose for slaves; sugar production created the need for slaves; the taking of slaves resulted in destabilization of smaller and larger societies	43
261221075	18th century wars: seven years war, etc.	...	44
261221076	african diaspora	deposit of many, many africans into the americas	45
261221077	benin/kongo (king afonso)/dahomey	benin = developed state in africa; oba (the monarch) controlled trade; avoided slave trade; dahomey was west of benin and was highly authoritarian; deeply involved in slave trade under royal control; government depended on slave trade for revenue; kongo was a civilization that slowly disintegrated thanks to the slave trade	46
261221078	new amsterdam/dutch west india co.	new amsterdam = present day new york; a colony that was to defend dutch fur trade	47
261221079	cartaz	naval trade license issued by portuguese when they were still in control of indian spice trade	48
261221080	hurons	native americans who about half of died from european diseases they weren't immune to yet	49
261221081	little ice age	...	50
261221082	manila/manila galleons	manila - a major center with diverse population; in the spanish philippines; manila galleons were ships that sailed from spain to the philippines or the other way around	51
261221083	middle passage	the passage from africa to the americas, where many of the africans shipped died	52
261221084	shogun/tokugawa shogunate	shoguns = rulers; tokugawa shoguns used silver to defeat rivals and unify the country, develop a market-based economy, and invest in agriculture and industry; they limited population growth	53
261221085	dutch learning (ch. 16)/deshima	...	54
261221086	soft gold	fur was "soft gold" because it was so valuable	55
261221087	beaver	this animal almost went extinct because of the demand for beaver hats; a big part of fur trade	56
261221088	equiano	an african american slave who eventually bought freedom and became a respected free man	57
261221089	work systems: mita, encomienda, indenture	mita - people in inca empire had to carry out labor for the state encomienda - a person was responsible for a group of natives; forced them to work, basically indenture - a person who comes to america and in return is in debt, so the person works to get rid of that debt	58