AP World Period 3 Flashcards

262493365	Mecca	city in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion	0
262493366	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam	1
262493367	Muslim	An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God.	2
262493368	Islam	religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran.	3
262493369	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.	4
262493370	Umma	the community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community	5
262493371	Caliphate	office established in a succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire	6
262493372	Quran	Book composed of divine revelation made to the Prophet Muhammad, the sacred text of Islam.	7
262498682	Shi'ites	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran.	8
262498683	Umayyad Caliphate	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661-750). From their capital at Damascus, they ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India.	9
262498684	Sunnis	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should selects its own leadership. This is the majority religion.	10
262504078	Abbasid Caliphate	Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, they overthrew the previous Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad.	11
262504079	Mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important of the armed forces.	12
262504080	Ghana	First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the 6th and 13th centuries. "Gold Coast".	13
262616814	Ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	14
262616815	Hadith	A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis fro Islamic law	15
262616816	Schism	a formal split within a religious community	16
262616817	Charlemagne	King of Franks. Through a series of military conquests he establish the Carolingian Empire, with encompassed all of Gual and parts of German and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.	17
262616818	Medieval	Literally "middle age," a term that historians of Europe use for the period of 500 to 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance	18
262616819	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman from the fourth century onward	19
262616820	Kievan Russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population	20
262625259	Manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.	21
262625260	Serf	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to preform set services for the lord.	22
262631998	Fief	In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service.	23
262631999	Vassal	In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord.	24
262640698	Papacy	the central administration of the ROman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	25
262640699	Holy Roman Empire	loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes	26
262640700	Investiture Controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands	27
262640701	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty.	28
262688052	Horse Collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of drawn plows	29
262688053	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and political isolation	30
262688054	Pilgrimage	journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins.	31
262688055	Tropics	Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round.	32
262688056	Monsoon	seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling land masses of Africa and Asia and the slowly changing ocean waters.	33
262688057	Mali	Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	34
262688058	Mansa Kankan Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	35
262688059	Gujarat	Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing	36
262688060	Dhows	Characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabian Sea	37
262688061	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River	38
262688062	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	39
262688063	Aden	Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times.	40
262688064	Malacca	Port city in the modes Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca	41
262688065	Urdu	A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindu written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s	42
262688066	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal sometime after 1000. Part of the Mali Empire, it became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.	43
263070625	Teotihuacan	A powerful city-state in central Mexico. Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.	44
263070626	Chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lakeshores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields	45
263070627	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization conecentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Contributions in mathematics, astronomy, and calendar development.	46
263070628	Toltecs	Powerful postclasic empire in central Mexico. It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization.	47
263070629	Altepetl	An enthic state in anceint Mesoamerica, the common politcal buliding block of that reigion.	48
263070630	Calpolli	A group of up to a hundred families that erved as a social building block of an altepetl in ancient Mesoamerica	49
263070631	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco.	50
263070632	Aztecs	Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in Central Mexico.	51
263070633	Tribute System	A system in whcih defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food cloth, and other goods subsidized te development of large cities.	52
263070634	Anasazi	Important culture of what is now the southwest United States. Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorda, their culture built multistory residences and worshiped buldings called kivas.	53
263070635	Chiefdom	Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.	54
263078908	Ayllu	Andean lineage group or kin-based community	55
263078909	Mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	56
263078910	Moche	Civilization of north coast of Peru. AN important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	57
263078911	Wari	Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku	58
263078912	Tiwanaku	Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia.	59
263078913	Inca	Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of SOuther America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.	60
263078914	Khipus	System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information	61