Pathophysiology Test 3
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| hypothalamus relays info from the nervous system to anterior pituitary via releasing or inhibiting hormones | ||
| Anterior pituitary then starts or stops secreting hormones that target peripheral endocrine glands | ||
| Peripheral endocrine glands secrete a hormone that affects target cells | ||
| Peripheral hormone feeds back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to turn off the stimulus for the peripheral gland to release its hormone. | ||
| Produced in the anterior pituitary, this hormone stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands. Also affects androgen production in males | ||
| A peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. | ||
| A hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in the female and the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells of the testis in the male. | ||
| a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates sperm-forming cells in male mammals | ||
| Stimulates production of ova and sperm | ||
| Substance secreted by the anterior pituitary; controls size of an individual by promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth | ||
| causes thyroid gland cells to secrete T3 and T4; stimulates thyroid growth, Synthesized and released by the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the thyroid gland to absorb iodine so it can synthesize and secrete thyroid hormone. It's regulated by thyroid-releasing hormone which is released by the hypothalamus. | ||
| Exact role in humans unknown but may influence brain activity when present in excess it can cause darkening of skin. secreted by anterior pituitary gland | ||
| acronym to remember all the hormones released by the anterior pituitary (FSH, LH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, GH, TSH, melanOcyte stimulating hormone, Prolactin) | ||
| Hypersecretion of prolactin | ||
| amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsuitism, and osteopenia (bone loss) | ||
| hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, impaired libido, oligospermia (low sperm count), and diminished ejaculate volume | ||
| overproduction of pituitary hormones, generally caused by a functioning benign tumor or adenoma | ||
| headaches, fatigue, visual changes, hypersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones | ||
| Hypersecretion of the GH in adults which causes an overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face | ||
| condition of overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty | ||
| Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. | ||
| What is the term for panhypopituitarism secondary to ischemic necrosis and hypotension postpartum? | ||
| total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity. | ||
| potentially life-threatening disorder because cortisol is required for functional maintenance. Usually encountered with generalized pituitary hypofunction; rarely occurs as isolated event. | ||
| Posterior pituitary hormones | ||
| hormone that the posterior pituitary lobe releases to enhance water conservation by kidneys, increases blood volume (and therefore blood pressure), decreases urine production, helps prevent dehydration | ||
| Hormone that is released from the posterior pituitary in response to nerve impulses. This stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and coitus and also causes milk ejaculation in the lactating mother | ||
| synthetic oxytocin | ||
| syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, Excessive water retention, hyponatremia, urine osmolarity > serum osmolarity, | ||
| occurs when excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones (hormones that help the kidneys, and body, conserve the correct amount of water) are produced. The syndrome causes the body to retain water and certain levels of electrolytes in the blood to fall (such as sodium). | ||
| enhanced renal water retention, hyponatremia, suppression of renin and aldosterone, hypo-osmolarity in plasma | ||
| may induce SIADH | ||
| condition of abnormal increase in urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia; urine appears colorless due to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine | ||
| results from Diabetes insipidus | ||
| defect in the hypothalamus in which stimulation of the pituitary gland to secrete ADH is disrupted. Treated with ADH injections | ||
| diabetes insipidus caused by a failure of the kidney to respond to normal levels of vasopressin. Treated with fluids and electrolytes | ||
| Secrete calcitonin, a hormone that is involved with calcium homeostasis., Large endocrine cells located between thyroid follicles | ||
| Spheres composed of principal cells and filled with colloid composed of thyroglobulin | ||
| located in front of the neck, functioning to secrete triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin | ||
| signals the pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), released from hypothalamus | ||
| T4, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine. Synthesized and released by the thyroid gland, stimulate cellular respiration as well as protein and fatty acid synthesis and degradation. | ||
| affect growth and maturation of tissues, cell metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption | ||
| of the two major thyroid hormones, ______ is 3-4 times more potent than ________ | ||
| Insufficient dietary intake of ______ can result in enlargement of the thyroid | ||
| Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet. | ||
| Overactive thyroid gland. Too much thyroxine secreted, leading to enlargement of gland. People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight. Most prounced symptoms are goiter and exophthalmos. Rx. Total or partial removal of thyroid, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation. | ||
| abnormal protrusion of the eyeball | ||
| What type II hypersensitivity disorder is defined as • Autoantibodies directed against the TSH receptor?, has IgG autoantibodies, occurs in women more than men, and includes exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, nervousness, heart palpitations, and fatigue. | ||
| refers to benign thyroid nodules that occur most frequently in older adults, no known cause- results in oversecretion in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway | ||
| condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity | ||
| hypothryoid disease of the thyroid function, cause antibodies against your thyroid (aka thyroiditis) | ||
| Hypothyroidism results in __________ in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-thyroid pathway | ||
| condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed. Aka neonatal hypothyroidism | ||
| advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucous) | ||
| embedded in the surface of the thyroid, they function in the homeostasis of calcium ions. They secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises blood levels of calcium and thus has an effect opposite to that of the thyroid hormone calcitonin. | ||
| Increases blood levels of calcium (stimulates breakdown of bone and rate at which calcium is removed from urine and absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract) | ||
| an increase in blood calcium concentration by 30% causes muscle weakness which may lead to cardiac and respiratory failure.(neurons and muscle cells become unresponsive) | ||
| if calcium concentrations decrease by 35%, results in neurons and muscle cells becoming hypersensitive, they become so excitable that convulsions can occur., low calcium in the blood | ||
| death will occur if calcium concentration drops this much | ||
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) will stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone, PTH causes kidneys to retain calcium ions, PTH with calcitrol causes an increase in the rate of calcium ion absorption by the intestines | ||
| Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity while osteoblasts deposit calcium to the bony matrix, Calcitonin will allow loss of calcium ions by kidneys, PTH and calcitrol levels decrease causing rate of calcium ion absorption by the intestines to decrease | ||
| excess secretion of PTH usually caused by adenoma or hyperplasia, results in hypercalcemia in plasma | ||
| hyperplasia due to low serum Ca2+, most often in chronic renal disease, or Vitamin D deficiency. Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, high PTH. | ||
| inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood, usually caused by parathyroid damage due to surgery or radiation | ||
| located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon | ||
| cells in the pancreatic islets that produce glucagon | ||
| endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. They synthesize and secrete the hormone INSULIN, which lowers glucose levels in the blood | ||
| specialized cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas that produce somatostatin (growth-hormone inhibiting hormone), which inhibits the production and release of glucagons and insulin and slows the rate of digestive absorption | ||
| raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis in the liver (released when blood glucose is low) | ||
| a hormone produced by the pancreas and released in response to high blood glucose following a meal. It promotes the use and storage of glucose by the body's tissues. | ||
| Produced and secreted by pancreatic delta cells, it inhibits glucagon and insulin release. also known as Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) | ||
| autoimmune disorder, beta under are under attack=no insulin, must give insulin. blood glucose levels are very high but can't get into cells | ||
| cause of type I diabetes mellitus in about 10% of the cases | ||
| excess glucose spills into blood and urine "honey urine", may result in "acetone breath" | ||
| the build up of metabolites from glycolysis are toxic | ||
| Non-insulin dependent. Most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet. | ||
| unresponsiveness of cells to the effect of insulin, reducing their ability to absorb glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia, defect in insulin, increase in antagonist, down-regulation of insulin receptors (no receptor= no effect) | ||
| Maturity onset diabetes of the young. May be autosomal dominant b/c it affects 50% of 1st degree relatives. Six types, each involving mutation in beta cell function or insulin action. | ||
| inability to produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels during pregnancy | ||
| abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet, "insulin shock" | ||
| burning of fatty acids resulting with production of acidic ketone bodies, presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes | ||
| an uncommon but significant complication to type 2 diabetes mellitus with a high overall mortality; it occurs more often in elderly individuals who have other comorbidities, poor glucose results in high levels of serum glucose and high serum osmotic pressures that lead to severe dehydration, low blood volume, and low perfusion pressures | ||
| The tendency of the body to react to extremely low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) by overcompensating, resulting in high blood sugar. "rebound hyperglycemia" (also may indicate undetected hypoglycemia) | ||
| early-morning increase in blood sugar (glucose) in people with diabetes. may be due to the natural overnight release of hormones — including growth hormones, cortisol, glucagon and epinephrine — that increase insulin resistance. | ||
| very small branches of arteries throughout the body become damaged due to diabetic neuropathy and/or diabetic nephropathy, can lead to diabetic retinopathy | ||
| long term complication of poorly controlled blood sugar, accumulation of sorbitol or glucose metabolites causes swelling of nerve cells or axons | ||
| progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli.excretion of serum albumina is high., Accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood surgars of diabetes mellitus. | ||
| any disease of the blood vessels or lymph ducts | ||
| disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision | ||
| complication of type II diabetes mellitus, includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) | ||
| complication of type II diabetes due to the prevalence of glucose in the blood, which pathogens can use as an energy source | ||
| blood vessel disease involving changes to the arteries and aterioles in the extermities | ||
| there are specific rates and rhythms of secretions, they operate within feedback systems, they affect only cells with appropriate receptors, the liver inactivates them making them water soluble for secretion | ||
| TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine | ||
| Produced by the hypothalamus, this hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. | ||
| produced by the hypothalamus signals the release of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary | ||
| produced by the hypothalamus signals the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary | ||
| triiodothyronine; strored in follicles, contains iodine. inc basal metabolic rate, stimulates protein synthesis, accelerate body growth and inc the use of glucose for ATP production | ||
| affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids | ||
| produced in the Adrenal cortex, they increase blood glucose levels through stimulation of gluconeogenesis and the decrease of protein synthesis. They also reduce the body's immunological and inflammatory responses. | ||
| the group of adrenocortical hormones concerned with the electrolyte balance | ||
| catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) | ||
| A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also known as adrenaline. Some of its actions include increased heart rate and force of contraction, bronchodilation, and relaxation of intestinal muscles. (Adrenaline) | ||
| a neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action. | ||
| Condition caused by insufficient growth hormone in childhood |