Patho- Endocrine system
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| secrete hormones into the blood which effect specific target organ | ||
| Pituitary gland (Master gland) Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Parathyroid glands Pancreas Ovaries Testicles | ||
| Hypersecrete fail to STOP secreting fail to START secreting Hyposecrete | ||
| Pituitary tumors Radiation therapy of the head and neck Autoimmune disease Neurosurgical procedures | ||
| Is the master gland of the body | ||
| Controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain | ||
| as chemical messengers to other endocrine glands | ||
| Has several lobes which produced different hormones | ||
| Thyroid growth and secretion | ||
| Adrenocortical growth and secretion | ||
| Protein biosynthesis, bone and muscle growth | ||
| Ovulation and luteniza- tion over ovary follicle/ testosterone production | ||
| Ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion/ spermatogenesis | ||
| Mammary gland development/milk secretion | ||
| Water retention and stimulates vascular smooth muscles | ||
| Uterine contractions and milk ejection | ||
| change the normal production of pituitary hormones | ||
| may require administration of the target organ hormones | ||
| Stimulated by Sympathetic nervous system and osmotic receptors in hypothalamus | ||
| Non-physiologic need for ADH Post operative, tumors/cancer producing ADH Signs of water retention from kidney | ||
| Too much water retained, = hyponatremia (dilutes serum) Confusion Muscle weakness | ||
| Insufficient ADH resulting in polyuria and polydypsia High osmolarity-concentrated blood/high NA Opposite of SIADH | ||
| Manifestation is dwarfism (age 2-7#) | ||
| Can cause giantism | ||
| Acromegly | ||
| Suppresses normal gonads Women-galactorrhea and menstrual disturbance Men-loss of libido and erectile | ||
| Weight gain (about 10#) Growth retardation Emotionally subdued Expressionless Slow speech and mental processes Thick skin/thin hair Sensitive to depressants Can be postpartum | ||
| Weight loss High basic temp Exopthalmous Increased appetite Enlarged gland (goiter) Nervousness Palpitations, tachycardia Flushed and perspiration | ||
| Grave's disease Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroiditis-inflammation Excess TSH stimulation-Pituitary problem Thyroid crisis-tachycardia, high temp | ||
| Seen in patient with Grave's disease Clinical manifestations - Bulging eyes, confused Distinguished from hyperthyroidism | ||
| Can cause hyper and post op hypo condition Affects trachea | ||
| elevates Calcium | ||
| Low levels lowers Calcium Can make body require medical intervention | ||
| For high levels of PTH, Hypercalcemia may be life-threatening. | ||
| Malignancy associated hypercalcemia (MAH) Primary hyperparathyroidism | ||
| Encountered following surgery for hyperparathyroid tumors Treated with I.V. calcium while monitored | ||
| Low levels of PTH may result in high Phosphorous levels. Problems related to muscle tetany. Sometimes utilize magnesium meds but also must decrease phosphorous levels. | ||
| Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine also called catecholamines We often give epinephrine (adrenalin) as a beta agonist for many things | ||
| Secretes three hormones (Sugar, Salt, Sex) | ||
| Glucocorticoids-hydrocortisone Mineralocortoids-aldosterone Androgens-sex hormones (mainly in men) | ||
| Addison's disease Need replacement of hormones including Aldosterone, hydrocortisone, and testosterone May need to increase Na intake | ||
| Cortisol deficiency Hypoglycemia Hypercalcemia Decreased gastric mobility, vascular tone | ||
| Cushing's syndrome Hyperplasia of cortex Cortisone/Androgens May be caused by overmedication with exogenous sources of hormones Weakness, loss libido, moon face, oily skin | ||
| Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia Hypovolemia Elevated BUN | ||
| Can cause blood sugars to be high Decrease signs of infection Treats inflammatory conditions: post-infectious cough Asthma | ||
| Exogenous sources are used for multiple therapeutic uses as anti-inflammatory (arthritis), immunosuppressant (Lupus) Too much or long term causes adrenal atrophy, high blood sugars, masks infections, inhibits healing, contributes to osteoporosis and peptic ulcers, growth retardation, infertility due to feedback to pituitary. | ||
| Influence electrolytes and metabolism Cause sodium retention and K excretion Secreted in response to angiotensin II or elevated K levels Florinef (combination of gluco and mineralocort) |