AP Euro: 18th Century Economy and Society

	The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled
	system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting
	The most famous of the Dutch engineers, Cornelius Vermuyden, directed one large drainage project in Yorkshire and another in Cambridge. In the Cambridge fens, Vermuyden and his Dutch workers eventually reclaimed forty thousand acres, which were then farmed intensively in the Dutch manner. Although all these efforts were disrupted in the turbulent 1640s by the English civil war, Vermuyden and his countrymen largely succeeded. Swampy wilderness was converted into thousands of acres of some of the best land in England. One such new land, where traditions and common rights were not firmly established, farmers introduced new crops and new rotations fairly easily.
	(1674-1738), one of the pioneers of English agricultural improvement. This lord from the upper reaches of the English aristocracy leaned about turnips and clover while serving as English ambassador to Holland. In the 1710's, he was using these crops in the sandy soil of his large estates in Norfolk in eastern England, already one of the most innovative agricultural areas in the country. He spoke of turnips, turnips and nothing but turnips. Draining extensively, manuring heavily, and sowing crops in regular rotation without fallowing, the farmers who based Townsend's lands produced larger crops. They and he earned higher incomes.
	The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
	English innovator, better farming methods through empirical research. Using horses instead of oxen, sowing seed w/ drilling equipment instead of by hand.
	machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows
	pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics.
	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
	This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work
	These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
	the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
	preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution
	system of production in which work was controlled by a central agent but conducted by various people in their own homes, less efficient and unreliable
	was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand
	This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.
	1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms
	In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent
	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
	atlantic opening allowed 4 trade w/ america and other areas source of wealth changes to overseas trade (capital) agrarian society to mercantile society changes financial statuses and creates banks and ports bcome more imp. in europe
	the most important commodity produced in the Atlantic trade
	countries sought to build up large reserves of gold and silver and prevent the flow of these precious metals out of their country
	1694, provided an important source of capital for economic development
	unified England and Scotland; the Scots sought the benefits of trade within the English empire
	Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
	United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.
	English mercantilism became economic warfare, fought over who would control trade routes to the colonies, England gained Dutch colonies in America and eliminated their largest trading rival
	European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
	the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade
	The South Sea Company was a British joint stock company that traded in South America during the 18th century. Founded in 1711, the company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession. In return, the company assumed the national debt England had incurred during the war. Speculation in the company's stock led to a great economic bubble known as the South Sea Bubble in 1720, which caused financial ruin for many. In spite of this it was restructured and continued to operate for more than a century after the Bubble.
	created by John Law, it failed so the ecomoy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy
	The war that resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France and the French.
	1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire
	The Slave Trade. First intruduced by Portugal in Brazil to farm sugar plantations where an estimated 50 million Africans died o became slaves during the 17th and 18th century
	Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
	1763; , Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India.
	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
	In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.
	A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
	coined by novelist Daniel Defoe; many children worked in factories at a young age and were severely disciplined; many believed the task of parents was to break their will to make them obedient
	In 1796 the British doctor created the smallpox vaccine, from the cowpox virus. (The vaccine helped lay the foundation for science of immunology in the 19th century.)
	This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs
	English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)
	the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals
	fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century
	A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.
	French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution. His works include The Oath of the Horatii (17850 and The Death of Marat (1793).
	The neo-classical ideas in the visual arts influenced music as well with the ideals of balance, symmetry and restraint.
	6 year old prodigy. Wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Gained instant celebrity. Died at 35. Music helped define a new style of composition
	(1732-1809) Classical composer who spent most of his life as musical director for wealthy Esterhazy brothers; visits to England introduced him to world of public concerts rather than princely patrons;wrote The Creation and The Seasons
	Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the first master of romantic music. He was one of the greatest composers in German history. He composed 9 symphonies, 5 piano concerts, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera. At the peak of his fame, in constant demand as a composer and recognized as the leading concert pianist his day, Beethoven began to lose his hearing. He considered suicide but eventually overcame despair. Among other achievements, he fully exploited for the first time the richness and beauty of the piano. Beethoven never heard much of his later work, including the unforgettable chorale finale to the Ninth Symphony, for the last years were silent, spent in total deafness. (p.771-772)
	a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra