DNA Study guide

	The normal human cell has 46 chromosomes.
	A chromatin consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones, while a chromosome is condensed chromatin.
	The structure of DNA is as follows: The sugar-phosphate frame is on the outside, then connected are the deoxyribose, with phosphate groups in-between. Connected to the deoxyribose are the nucleic acids, and in between the two is a hydrogen bond.
	The monomers of DNA are the nucleic acids. The nucleic acids are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
	Purines are either adenine or guanine, and they have 2 nitrogenous rings. A pyrimidine is either a cytosine or thymine, and they have only 1 nitrogenous ring.
	A purine bonds with a pyrimidine so that all of the pairs are 3 nitrogenous rings across.
	Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do have a nucleus.
	The weak hydrogen bonds hold the two bases together.
	DNA is close to two meters long, but it fits inside the nucleus by wrapping itself around.
	DNA replication is the process of replicating DNA.
	The DNA strand breaks apart; the new base pairs come in with the new strand. DNA replicates to for DNA in a new cell.
	The DNA polymerase is the principal enzyme associated with this process.
	DNA replicates for DNA in a new cell.
	DNA replication is known as semi-conservative because one strand is conserved, and another new one is made.
	Proposed that the ability to cause disease was inherited.
	Determined that DNA was responsible for transformation.
	Determined that DNA was the genetic material.
	Discovered that A=T and C=G
	Helped Franklin with x-ray infractions.
	Used x-ray infraction to help determine the structure of DNA.
	Built 3D models to study the structure of DNA.
	virus and bacteria caused lung infection.
	virus that can infect bacteria, but has no effect on humans, which is why they were beneficial in the Hershey and Chase experiment; means "bacteria - eater"
	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria. Process discovered by Griffith in his experiment of smooth/ harmful and rough/harmless pneumonia bacteria.
	DNA
	Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
	A functional group or radical comprised of phosphorus attached to four oxygen, also part of the backbone of DNA with the 5-carbon sugar
	includes the purines and pyrimidines, on the inner side of DNA, A nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base.
	2 Meters
	short molecules of single-stranded DNA that are formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
	single celled organism; no nucleus; DNA in cytoplasm- only 1 strand
	complex organisms with nuclei; 1000x more DNA than prokaryotes; DNA found in Nucleus
	consists of DNA that that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones; granular material visible within the nucleus
	threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one gen of cells to the next
	Have two rings in their structures
	Have one ring
	The enzymes in DNA that pushes the strain apart in to 2
	Enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA
	Glues the spaces back together in DNA replication
	As many as 1000 times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes found in nucleus as chromatin
	Globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
	Lack nuclei
	Visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins (pasta)
	Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
	adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine
	virus that can infect bacteria, but has no effect on humans, which is why they were beneficial in the Hershey and Chase experiment; means "bacteria - eater"