AP World History Unit 4 Set A Flashcards

268123668	Renaissance	the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world	0
268123669	Humanism	a renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	1
268123670	Medici	aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century	2
268123671	Cristophero Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	3
268123672	Ferdinand & Isabella	During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.	4
268123673	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)	5
268123674	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)	6
268123675	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	7
268123676	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	8
268123677	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	9
268123678	Westerlies (Winds)	the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing from the high pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the poles. These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner.	10
268123679	Trades (winds)	the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth's equator. The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Historically, the trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries, and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.	11
268123680	Astrolabe	an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets	12
268123681	James Cook	English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)	13
268123682	Joint Stock Companies	an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business	14
268123683	Mercantilism	an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests	15