Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and excretion
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| Osmoregulation | ||
| Excretion | ||
| osmolarity | ||
| Net flow of water is from the hypoosmotic to the hyperosmotic solution | ||
| isoosmotic | ||
| hypo=less hyper=more | ||
| Side A | ||
| Stenohaline | ||
| Osoconformer; DO NOT; uses no energy | ||
| SO4-, Ca2+, Mg2+; uses very little energy | ||
| osmoregulators | ||
| stenohaline Euryhaline | ||
| Euryhaline | ||
| hypoosmotic (concentration of solutes in the sea is higher than the solutes in the cells of the fish) | ||
| the food is hyperosmotic (more solutes) than the fish's own body. Salts diffuse out of gills | ||
| hypoosmotic | ||
| diffusion; urine | ||
| Ammonia TOXIC A Lot of water Little energy | ||
| Urea less toxic less water more energy | ||
| Least Toxic Little water Most energy | ||
| Mostly ammonia and a bit of urea | ||
| land vs sea turtles embryos (need to conserve H2O, convert waste to uric acid and let it precipitate on inside of cell) | ||
| endotherm | ||
| high protein | ||
| Filtration - pressure filtering Re absorption - reclaiming valuable solutes Secretion - adding toxins and other solutes to the filtrate Excretion- removing the filtrate from the system | ||
| protonephridium | ||
| flame bulb | ||
| metanephridia | ||
| coelem | ||
| malpighian tubules | ||
| Insects Malpighian tubules | ||
| Kidney | ||
| ureter | ||
| the nephron | ||
| medulla and travels down to pelvis | ||
| juxtamedullary nephrons (they extend far down into the medulla) | ||
| cortical nephrons | ||
| glomererulus; bowmans capsule | ||
| NEVER contains proteins or cells (bicarbonate and potassium ions are pulled back in) | ||
| 1. the proximal tubules 2. The loop of Henle 3. the distal tubule | ||
| blood pressure | ||
| Fluid from several nephrons flows into a collecting duct, which lead to the renal pelvis, which is drained by the ureter | ||
| vasa recta | ||
| Vasa Recta and the Loop of Henle | ||
| Urine; more concentrated than body fluids | ||
| the proximal tubule | ||
| descending limb of the loop of henle | ||
| ascending limb of the loop of henle | ||
| Distal Tubule | ||
| MUCH less volume in the distal tubule (because body reabsorbed a lot of water by this point) | ||
| DOWN | ||
| Hyperosmotic | ||
| hormones | ||
| high (see diagram pg 11) | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - it increases awuaporins and cells are more permeable to water and cells are sucked back in=less urine | ||
| osmolarity | ||
| made in the hypothalamus stored in the posterior pituitary | ||
| Drinking (thirst) | ||
| extreme water conservation ( an animal in a desert will have a long loop of henle and an animal in freshwater will have a short loop) | ||
| excreting uric acid instead of urea | ||
| uric acid | ||
| Distal tubules, dilute urine | ||
| freshwater fish; urinary bladder | ||
| Hypoosmotic/little |