AP World History 1 Flashcards

280504290	pre-history	Time before writing was invented	1
280504291	early hominids	human like australopithecines started 3 to 4 millions years ago. Oldest fossils found in Great Rift Valley (Africa) 1950s to 1960s lucy - greatest ever find	2
280504292	venus figurines	small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features, showed interest in fertility	3
280504293	gilgamesh	a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories	4
280504294	sargon of akkad	A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire.	5
280504295	hammurabi's code	established high standars of behavior and stern punishments for violators; civil laws regulated mostly everything such as wages dealings and relationships, babylons	6
280504296	lex talionis	Law of retribution "an eye for an eye"	7
280504297	hittites	A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria	8
280504298	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	9
280504299	decline of egypt	power struggle of priests/pharohs, too much money spent on war/weapons, young, weak Tutankhamon	10
280504300	bantu migrations	The Bantu expansion was a millenia long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving tocommunities and small groups moving to new areas. Bantu-speakers developed novel methods of agriculture and metalworking which allowed people to colonize new areas with widely varying ecologies in greater densities than hunting and foraging permitted.	11
280504301	aryan migrations	The coming of Aryans marks the beginning of a historic period in India. Between the decline of Harappan civilization	12
280504302	caste systems	a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person's occupation and economic potential as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color	13
280504303	lawbook of manu	Written by t founder of the human race according to Indian mythology. Lawbook dealt with proper moral behavior and social relation ships, including sex and gener relationships. Composed after the vedic age, but reflected the society constructed eariler under Aryan influence. Advisted men to treat women with honor and respect, but insisted that women remain subject to guidence from men. Also specificed duties of women were to bear children and maintain wholesome homes for their families.	14
280504304	vedas	sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests	15
280504305	upanishads	A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.	16
280504306	hinduism	a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth,	17
280504307	bronze metallurgy	Copper became obsolete and the military began to use bronze swords, spears, axes, shileds, and armour. Farmers used bronze knives and bronze-tipped plows. Bronze is made out of copper and tin., gave aristocrats in the Shang dynasty power because they had a monopoly on bronze tools	18
280504308	mandate of heaven	a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source	19
280504309	warring states	After the political initiative had passed from the Zhou kings to their subordinates, and the royal court never regained authority. Territorial princes ignored the centeral government and used their resources to build, strengthen, and expand their own states. Fought ferociously with one another in hopes of establishing themselves as leaders of a new political order. Fights so violent its got it's name. Ended the Zhou dynasty when the last king abdicated his position under pressure.	20
280504310	austronesian migration	Language spreads back to China- they settled in every piece of land in the Pacific basin within about 2,500 years, while others sailed to Madagascar. This tremendous expansion explains why their language is so spread.	21
280504311	cyrus	King of Persians; expanded the Persian Empire from Afghanistan to the Aegean Sea	22
280504312	darius	Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.	23
280504313	xerxes	son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.	24
280504314	satrapies	the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire	25
280504315	battle of marathon	in 490 B.C., King Darius sent army to attack Athens; Athenians defeated them; Pheidippides ran 26 miles with the news	26
280504316	zoroastrianism	A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)	27
280504317	angra mainyu	Zarathustra's name for the destructive spirit, the devil; also known as Ahriman.	28
280504318	athura mazda	Zarathustra's name for the good spirit	29
280504319	seleucid	one of the three regions of Alexander's empire; contained Bactria and Anatolia	30
280504320	parthia	Native Persian dynasty from mid 2nd century BCE to 3rd c. BCE, longstanding enemy of Rome in west Asia, Intermediary in Silkroad Trade	31
280504321	sassanid	Empire that developed in the Middle East in 227 CE, attempted to revive the glories of the Persian Empire (including a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism)	32
280504322	qin shihuangdi	Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.	33
280504323	lui bang	born a peasent; became the first emporor of the Han Dynasty; wanted to free people from harsh policies; dave land to peasents; lowered taxes for farmers; earned people's loyalty and trust: fought in a rebel army	34
280504324	han wudi	The most important Han Emperor. Expanded the Empire in all directions. Created the Civil Service System. Established Public Schools.	35
280504325	xiongnu	A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century.	36
280504326	legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.	37
280504327	confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	38
280504328	alexander the great	successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement	39
280504329	mauryan empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.	40
280504330	ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire	41
280504331	kautalya	Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government	42
280504332	arthashastra	political treatise written during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya; advocated the use of all tactics in scientific conduct of warfare.	43
280504333	rock and pillar edicts	laws written by Ashoka reminding Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives	44
280504334	jainism	a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics.	45
280504335	buddhism	the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth	46
280504336	ahimsa	a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence	47
280504337	athens	Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.	48
280504338	sparta	Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts	49
280504339	polis	Greek city-state	50
280504340	minoans	A Neolithic people that started around 3000BC, supposedly the earliest people on the island of Crete. They were excellent sailors & traded w/ Egypt & the Fertile Crescent. Were conquered by mainland Greece.	51
280504341	athenian democracy	First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. Freedom of Speech.	52
280504342	pericles	Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece	53
280504343	hellenic league	The league first established by Philip that united the Greek city-states.	54
280504344	delian league	an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians	55
280504345	hellenistic world	the area of the world that was influenced by the reign of Alexander and continued after he died	56
280504346	punic wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	57
280504347	etruscans	people from Etruria , ( north of Rome) that took control of Rome and Latium. Ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Built up Rome, streets, temples. Skilled metal workers Rome became rich from mining and trade	58
280504348	12 tablets	12 Roman laws that showed the strict separation between patricians and pleabeians	59
280504349	silk road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.	60
280504350	fall of the roman empire	Attacks by the Visigoth, Attila and the Huns and vandals all weaked the empire and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. The west was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Roman governmental institutions survived and blended with German customs.	61
280504351	split of the roman empire	The Roman Republic fought the Punic Wars which were followed by the Pax Romana. In 286 AD, the empire divided into the Western and Eastern empires until the barbaric Huns defeated the Western Empire, in 476 AD.	62