AP Psych Ch. 07 - Learning

16715045	Learning	Relatively permanent change in an organism that occurs as a result of experiences in the environment
16715046	Conditioning	Systematic procedure through which associations and responses to specific stimuli are learned
16715047	Reflex	Automatic behavior that occurs involuntarily in response to a stimulus and without prior learning and usually shows little variability from instance to instance
16715048	Classical Conditioning	Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning
16715049	Unconditioned Stimulus	Stimulus that normally produces a measurable involuntary response
16715050	Unconditioned Response	Unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus
16715051	Conditioned Stimulus	Neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response
16715052	Conditioned Response	Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
16715053	Higher-order Conditioning	Process by which a neutral stimulus takes on conditioned properties through pairing with a conditioned stimulus
16715054	Extinction (classical conditioning)	The procedure of withholding the unconditioned stimulus and presenting the conditioned stimulus alone, which gradually reduces the probability of the conditioned response
16715055	Spontaneous Recovery	Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period
16715056	Stimulus Generalization	Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus
16715057	Stimulus Discrimination	Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli
16715058	Operant Conditioning	Conditioning in which an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of the behavior;
16715059	Skinner Box	Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response
16715060	Shaping	Selective reinforcement of behaviors that gradually approach the desired response
16715061	Reinforcer	Any event that increases the probability of a recurrence of the response that preceded it
16715062	Positive Reinforcement	Presentation of a stimulus after a particular response in order to increase the likelihood that the response will recur
16715063	Negative Reinforcement	Removal of a stimulus after a particular response to increase the likelihood that the response will recur
16715064	Primary Reinforcer	Reinforcer that has survival value for an organism; this value does not have to be learned
16715065	Secondary Reinforcer	Any neutral stimulus that initially has no intrinsic value for an organism but that becomes rewarding when linked with a primary reinforcer
16715066	Superstitious Behavior	Behavior learned through coincidental association with reinforcement
16715067	Punishment	Process of presenting an undesirable or noxious stimulus, or removing a desirable stimulus, to decrease the probability that a preceding response will recur
16715068	Primary Punisher	Any stimulus or event that is naturally painful or unpleasant to an organism
16715069	Secondary Punisher	Any neutral stimulus that initially has no intrinsic negative value for an organism but acquires punishing qualities when linked with a primary punisher
16715070	Learned Helplessness	The behavior of giving up or not responding to punishment, exhibited by people or animals exposed to negative consequences or punishment over which they have no control
16715071	Fixed-interval Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer (reward) is delivered after a specified interval of time, provided that the required response occurs at least once in the interval
16715072	Variable-interval Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer (reward) is delivered after predetermined but varying amounts of time, provided that the required response occurs at least once after each interval
16715073	Fixed-ratio Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer(reward) is delivered after a specified number of responses has occurred
16715074	Variable-ratio Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer (reward) is delivered after a predetermined but variable number of responses has occurred
16715075	Extinction (operant conditioning)	The process by which the probability of an organism's emitting a response is reduced when reinforcement no longer follows the response
16715076	Latent Learning	Learning that occurs in the absence of direct reinforcement and that is not necessarily demonstrated through observable behavior
16715077	Observational Learning Theory	Theory that suggests that organisms learn new responses by observing the behavior of a model and then imitating it; aka. Social learning theory
21687612	aversive conditioning	learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer
21687613	Law of Effect	behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are weakened (Thorndike)
21687614	Premack principle	commonly occurring behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior
21687615	shaping	positively reinforcing closer and closer approximation of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior
21687616	token economy	operant training system that uses secondary reinforcers (tokens) to increase appropriate behavior; learners can exchange tokens for desired rewards