Caldwell/Kozar Small List (AP Language) Flashcards

195254970	alliteration	repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
195254971	allusion	(a loo´ zhin) - a brief, informally introduced reference to a fairly well-known event, place, text, or person Purpose: to help readers see a broader picture, to evoke a negative or positive feeling, or to add credibility to writing	1
371967186	amplification	(âmp li fi kā´ shun) - repetition of something just said while adding more detail to the original description Purpose: to add style to the phrase being amplified	2
195254972	analogy	(a nal´ ǝ jē) - (similar to simile) makes use of something already well known to explain something less well known by comparison Purpose: helps readers quickly see precisely what the writer means	3
195255088	anaphora	(a naf´ ǝ rǝ) - the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences Purpose: to build a sense of climax.	4
195254973	anecdote	a short account of an interesting event	5
195254974	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	6
371967182	antanagoge	(an tan ǝ gō´ jē) - a way of ordering points to downplay the negatives so that readers feels less strongly about them Purpose: to suggest the benefits more than outweigh the costs of the subject	7
195254975	antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	8
195255090	antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	9
195254976	antithesis	(an tith´ ǝ sis) - parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas Purpose: makes use of a contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas	10
195254977	aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth	11
195255089	appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	12
371967180	apostrophe	(a pos´ trǝ f ē) - a rhetorical device in which the writer breaks out of the flow of the writing to directly address a person or personified object. It should not be confused with the punctuation mark of the same name, to which it has no relation. Purpose: to express the force and emotion that the writer has become so caught up that he/she must break free and speak directly to something or someone	13
195328803	cause and effect	analysis of events or situations in which reasons are sought and effects are considered. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Cause and Effect is used to trace the chain of events leading to a present situation or argue the consequences of a future decision.	14
371967176	climax	(klī´ max) - organizing ideas in writing so that they proceed from the least to the most important Purpose: to establish a progression of ideas rather than a list of individual items, driving home the buildup of ideas	15
371967177	conduplicatio	(kän dōōp lǝ kat´ ē ō) - (form of repetition) - takes an important word from anywhere in one sentence or phrase and repeats it at the beginning of the next sentence or phrase. Purpose: to help guide the reader from one idea to the next by aiming directly at the key point of discussion	16
195254978	connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	17
195254979	denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dicitionary definition	18
195254980	diction	word choice	19
371967172	distinctio	(dis tink´ shē ō) - elaborating on the definition of a word to make sure there is no misunderstanding Purpose: to clarify for the reader exactly what the writer means to say	20
195254981	epigram	a brief witty statement	21
371967184	epistrophe	(ǝ pis´ trǝ fē) - (similar to anaphora) - repeating the same word or phrase at the end of multiple clauses or sentences Purpose: to build emphasis; the phrase becomes a sort of punctuation mark which the reader expects to find each time.	22
371967173	eponym	(ep´ ǝ nim) - (similar to allusion) referring to a specific famous person to link his or her attributes with someone else. Purpose: to evoke specific emotions and add credibility to writing by proving the writer is informed and educated	23
371967175	exemplum	(ex zem´ plum) - simply providing the reader with an example to illustrate the writer's point; may be factual or fictional as long as fictional examples are presented as hypothetical rather than factual Purpose: to support the point the writer is trying to make in a way that seems natural	24
195254982	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	25
195254983	figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	26
371967183	hyperbaton	(hī pǝr´ bǝ tän) - purposefully arranging words in a sentence in a unexpected order Purpose: to tweak the normal order of a sentence, making certain parts stand out or making the entire sentence jump off the page	27
195254984	hyperbole	(hī pǝr´ bǝ lē) - exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis; never meant to be taken literally Purpose: used to make a point strongly, to snap the reader's attention back to the writing, or to demonstrate the difference between two things	28
195254985	irony	a contradition between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and results	29
371967178	metabasis	(met ǝ bā´ sis) - a device used to sum up a body of work that has come before, so that readers can move on to a new point Purpose: to remind readers of the most crucial areas already covered before moving on to new but related ideas	30
195254986	metaphor	(met´ ǝ for) - (similar to simile) speaking of one thing as though it actually were another, thus making an implicit comparison Purpose: to speak poetically, and more importantly, to help readers see something as the writer chooses them to see it	31
195254987	metonymy	(mǝ tän´ i mē) - (similar to synecdoche) referring to something closely related to the actual object as a way of referring to the object itself Purpose: to surprise and delight readers and invite them to consider a familiar idea from a new angle	32
195254988	omniscient narrator	an all-knowing, usually third-person narrator	33
195254989	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	34
195254990	paradox	a statement that seems contradicotry but is actually true	35
371967179	parenthesis	(pǝ ren´ thǝ sis) - a device used to insert an aside or additional information into the main flow of writing. One way to do this is by using the actual parenthesis symbols, although using dashes or commas is also common; the parenthesis is the written equivalent of the spoken aside. Purpose: to focus the spotlight on whatever point is being made or to place information into context for better clarity	36
195254992	pathos	a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	37
195254993	periodic sentence	a sentence that builds towards, and ends with the main clause	38
195254994	persona	(per sō´ nuh) - a voice or mask that an author, speaker, or performer puts on for a particular purpose. Purpose: to focus the audience on the voice or mask the speaker intends to present in order to persuade the audience	39
195254995	personification	(per son i fi kā´ shun) - giving human attributes to something that is non-human (animals, inanimate objects, or abstract concepts) Purpose: to help the reader understand particular qualities of a subject by relying on common human experience	40
371967171	procatalepsis	(prō kat ǝ lep´ sis) - (form of hypophora) - deals specifically with objections and usually does so without even asking a question. Purpose: to further a writer's argument while satisfying readers by showing their concerns were anticipated	41
195254996	rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	42
195254998	rhetorical question	a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer Purpose: to highlight something readers already know, focusing the reader on their topic	43
195254999	satire	an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	44
371967174	sententia	(sen ten´ shē ǝ) - a fancy term for a quotation, maxim, or wise saying; usually a general maxim not attributed to a single source, but may also quote a real person. Purpose: used to sum up what the writer has been talking about in preceding paragraphs while seeming familiar, obvious, and often witty	45
195255000	simile	(sim´ i lē) - a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things that are already somewhat related Purpose: to conjure up strongly suggestive imagery, lending new details to the main object	46
195255001	style	the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of works and figures of speech	47
195255002	syllogism	(sil´ uh jiz uhm) - a structured argument in deductive logic that contains two premises, one major and one minor, both of which are assumed to be true, followed by a conclusion drawn from those premises. They are simple logical constructs which presume that because the premises are true, the conclusion is proved to be true. Purpose: to simplify abstract concepts to obtain a better understanding of the validity of those ideas	48
195255003	syntax	sentence structure	49
195255004	thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	50
195255005	tone	the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	51
195255006	trope	(trohp)- a figure of speech in which words are used in a way which changes their meaning; many tropes rely on cultural or social norms which can make translation into other languages or cultures very difficult. Purpose: Tropes greatly add to the natural richness of language by playing with words and meanings, sometimes in novel ways.	52
195255007	understatement	lack of emphasis or restraint in language, the force of which is less than what one would normally expect; when contrasted sharply with reality, the statement becomes absurd Purpose: used for ironic or humorous effect or to highlight the extreme nature of an event	53
195255008	point of view	any of several possible vantage points; omniscient, limited to that of a single character, and limited to that of several characters	54
195255009	euphemism	a figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness	55
195255010	parable	a story designed to suggest a principle, illustrate a moral, or answer a question	56
195255011	onomatopoeia	the use of words whose tone suggests their meaning	57
195255012	ellipsis	the omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable	58
195255013	parallel structure	a similar grammatical structure within a sentence or within a paragraph	59
195255014	ad hominem	directed to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellet or reason	60
195255015	adage	a saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language	61
195255016	anachronism	a person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era	62
195255017	bathos	insincere or overdone sentimentality	63
195255018	burlesque	a work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation	64
195255019	cacophony	grating, inharmonious sounds	65
195255020	canon	the considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied	66
195255021	caricature	a grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things	67
195255022	circumlocution	literally, "talking around" a subject	68
195255023	compare and contrast	examination of similarities and differences. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Compare and Contrast usually but not always appears with the other.	69
195255024	conceit	a witty or ingenious thought	70
195255025	deduction	reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)	71
195255026	de'nouement	the resolution that occurs at the end of a narrative or drama, real or imagined	72
195255027	dramatic irony	a circumstance in which the audience or reader knows more about a situation than a character	73
195255028	elegy	a poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of someone of something of value	74
371967181	enumeratio	(ē nōō mǝr ä´ tē ō) - refers to the act of supplying a list of details about something Purpose: used structurally to expand on a central idea, lending force to that idea by enumerating its many facets	75
195255030	epithet	(ep´ i thet) - attaching a descriptive adjective to a noun to bring a scene to life or evoke a particular idea or emotion Purpose: English has a large selection of adjectives; this technique allows writers to craft the exact image they want	76
195255029	euphonious	having a pleasant sound, (of speech or dialect)	77
195255031	exposé	a piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other shortcomings	78
195255033	fallacy, fallacious reasoning	an incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information	79
195255034	farce	a comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose	80
195255035	genre	a term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay	81
195255036	harangue	a forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade	82
195255037	homily	a lecture or sermon on a religious or moral theme meant to guide human behavior	83
195255038	hubris	excessive pride that often affects tone	84
195255039	indirect quotation	a rendering of a quotation in which actual words are not stated but only approximated or paraphrased	85
195255040	induction	reasoning from detailed facts to general principles	86
195255041	inference	a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data	87
195255042	invective	a direct verbal assault; a denunciation; casting blame on someone or something	88
195255043	kenning	a device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities	89
195255044	lampoon	a mocking, satirical assault on a person or situation	90
195255045	litotes	(lī tō´ tēz) - (similar to understatement) emphasizes its point by using a word opposite to the condition; Purpose: while an obviously ironic use acts as an understatement to emphasize the initial claim, a non-ironic use can soften the edges of that same claim	91
195255046	loose sentence	a sentence that follows the customary word order of English sentences. The main idea of the sentence is presented first and is then followed by one or more subordinate clauses	92
195255047	malapropism	a confused use of words in which the appropriate word is replaced by one with a similar soud but inappropriate meaning	93
195255048	mock epic	a parody of traditional epic from	94
195255049	mock solemnity	feigned or deliberately artificial seriousness, often for satirical purposes	95
195255050	moral	a brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature	96
195255051	motif	a phrase, idea, or event that through repition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse	97
195255052	myth	an imaginary story that has become an accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group or society	98
195255053	narration	telling a story, or giving an account of an event. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Narration refers to an essay that is almost entirely narration, but usually the events of the story lead to some kind of conclusion.	99
195255054	non sequitur	a statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before	100
195255055	pastoral	a work of literature dealing with rural life	101
195255056	pathetic fallacy	faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects	102
195255057	pedantic	narrowly academic instead of broad and humane; excessively petty and meticulous	103
195255058	pseudonym	a false name or alias used by writers	104
195255060	pun	a humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings	105
195255062	refutation	to discredit an arguement, particularly a counterarguement Ex: The counterarguement is not true because of fact 1, 2, and 3	106
195255064	repetition	reuse of the same words, phrases, or ideas for rhetorical effect, usually to emphasize a point	107
195255066	rhetorical stance	language that conveys a speaker's attitude or opinion with regard to a particular subject	108
195255070	sarcasm	a sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks	109
195255071	sentence structure	the arrangement of the parts of a sentence	110
195255074	stream of consciousness	a style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind	111
195255075	stylistic devices	a general term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language, and all other elements that contribute to the "style" or manner of a given piece of discourse	112
195255080	synecdoche	(si nek´ dǝ kē) - (similar to metonymy) using a part of something, or something closely related, to refer to a larger whole Purpose: to surprise and delight readers and invite them to consider a familiar idea from a new angle	113
195255082	transition	a stylistic device used to create a link between ideas	114
195255083	verbal irony	a discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words	115
195255085	verisimilitude	similar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is	116
195255087	wit	the quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness	117
195255091	archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	118
195255092	argument / persuasion	writing that attempts to prove a point through reasoning. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Argument presses its case by using logic and by supporting its logic with examples and evidence.	119
195255093	Aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	120
195255094	assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration	121
195255095	assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	122
195255096	asyndeton	(ā sin´ dǝ tän) - leaving out conjunctions in a list or between words, phrases, or clauses Purpose: gives the feeling of fast movement to the writing, rather than a list that drags out	123
195255100	bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	124
195255101	cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	125
195255104	colloquial/ism	an informal or conversational use of language	126
195255105	common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	127
195255106	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	128
195255107	concession	a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	129
195255108	context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	130
195255109	coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	131
195255110	counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	132
195255111	credibility	worthy of belief; trustworthy	133
195255112	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	134
195255113	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	135
195255116	elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	136
195255117	ethos	a Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	137
195255118	explication of text	explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used	138
195255119	facts	information that is true or demonstrable	139
195255120	fragment	a word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	140
195255121	hortatory	speech or writing that urges or commands an audience to follow (or not follow) a particular course of action. Purpose: to persuade the audience to follow a particular course of action	141
195255122	imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses	142
195255123	imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	143
195255124	inversion	a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	144
195255126	juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	145
195255127	logos	a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	146
195255128	modifier	a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	147
195255129	nominalization	turning a verb or adjective into a noun	148
195255130	occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	149
195255132	pacing	the relative speed that combines two contradictory terms	150
195255133	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	151
195255134	polemic	(puh lem´ ik) - a disputed argument attacking an opposing point of view, especially dealing with a controversial topic. Purpose: to establish the supremacy of a single point of view by refuting an opposing point of view.	152
195255135	polysyndeton	POLYSYNDETON (pä´ lē sin dǝ tän) - (the stylistic opposite of asyndeton) - the deliberative use of a series of conjunctions Purpose: give the feeling of increasing urgency and power, quickly forming an almost hypnotic rhythm	153
195255136	premise; major, minor	two parts of a syllogism. (The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded.	154
195255137	pronoun	a word used to replace a noun or noun phrase	155
195255138	propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	156
195255139	purpose (in writing)	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	157
195255140	rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation/persuasion	158
195255141	scheme	a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	159
195255142	sentence variety	using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	160
195255144	simple sentence	a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	161
195255145	source	a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	162
195255146	speaker	a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	163
195255147	straw man	a device meant to easily prove that one's position or argument is superior to an opposing argument by deliberately misrepresenting and weakening the argument of the opposing side. This can be done by leaving out key points of an opposing argument, quoting a person's words out of context, or presenting a particular person's poor defense as the entire defense of an opposing side. Purpose: to make it seem easier to knock down the so-called weaker version of the opposing argument with one's seemingly more substantial counter argument.	164
195255148	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	165
195255149	subject	in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	166
195255150	subordinate clause	created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	167
195255151	subordination	the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	168
371967185	symploce	(sim´ plǝ sē) - (form of parallelism) a special form that combines both anaphora and epistrophe Purpose: the total parallelism it forms creates a feeling of completion as well as emphasis.	169
195255152	synthesize	combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	170
195255153	thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	171
195255154	thesis statement	a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	172
195255155	topic sentence	a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	173
195255156	zeugma	(zōōg´ mǝ) - linking unexpected items in a sentence by a shared word; i.e. subjects linked together by a verb, pronouns by nouns, direct objects by verbs, adjectival phrases by verbs, etc. Purpose: to build suspense and elevate the importance of the shared word by postponing its introduction until the end, or near the end, of a sentence. The most important idea or word is closest to the end of the sentence.	174
195315995	claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	175
195315996	credible	worthy of belief; trustworthy	176
195315997	parallelism	(pa rǝ lel iz´ m) - using the same general structure for multiple parts of a sentence, or for multiple sentences, in order to link them all Purpose: gives writing a sense of overall cohesion, keeping it balanced and intentional throughout	177
195315999	sentence patterns	the arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions-such as simple,compound.complex,or compound-complex	178
195316000	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun. In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	179
195316001	anadiplosis	(an ǝ di plō´ sis) - (form of repetition) - repeating the last word of a sentence or phrase near the beginning or the next sentence or phrase; used this way words end up near one another, so their repetition becomes very apparent Purpose: to create a beautiful sound while effectively putting the reader's focus on a key word	180
195316002	aporia	(ǝ pôr´ ē ǝ) - used to express doubt or ignorance--feigned or real—about an idea Purpose: to show a variety of sides to an argument without personally committing to any, to give a personal opinion on something while appearing to express ignorance, or to seem to address a point while actually dismissing it	181
195316003	chiasmus	(kī az´ mǝs) - (form of parallelism) a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed, or flipped around; the crisscross figure. Purpose: to lend extra impact to a statement through the more ornate style	182
195316004	dialogismus	the dialogue figure: speaking as someone else, either to bring others' points of view into one's own speech, or to conduct psuedo-dialog through taking up an opposing position with oneself	183
195316005	tautology (also known as 'begging the question')	(taw tol´ uh jee)- the redundant use of words or phrases within a single speech pattern or literary construction Purpose: used for effect, such as to call attention to a particular component of the spoken or written word, or as a means of attracting attention for the remarks that are to follow.	184
195316006	diazeugma	The play-by-play figure. It uses a single subject to govern a succession of verbs	185
195316007	enthymeme	(en´ thuh meem) - an informal or abbreviated version of a syllogism. A syllogism is a structured argument in deductive logic that contains two premises that are assumed to be true and a conclusion drawn from those premises. Enthymemes usually omit one of the premises and are often structured as "because" statements. Purpose: to simplify abstract concepts to obtain a better understanding of the validity of those ideas, especially when one premise is not particularly strong or might hurt the main point of the argument	186
195316008	epideictic	Aristotle's name for demonstrative rhetoric, speech that deals with values	187
195316009	deliberative rhetoric	One of the three types of rhetorical persuasion (the other two are forensic and demonstrative). Deliberative rhetoric deals with argument about choices. It concerns itself with matters that affect the future; its chief topic, accordding to Aristotle, is the "advantageous"--what's best for the audience, family, company, community, or country. Without deliberative rhetoric, democracy is impossible.	188
195316010	eristic	a competitive argument for the sake of argument	189
195316011	forensic (legal) rhetoric	Argument that determines guilt or innocence. It focuses on the past. (The other two kinds of rhetoric are deliberative and demonstrative.)	190
195316012	hypophora	(hī pä´ fǝ rǝ) - the technique of asking a question, then proceeding to answer it Purpose: to tell readers something they don't already know, anticipating their skepticism and nipping it in the bud	191
195316013	demonstrative rhetoric	Persuasion that deals with values that bring a group together. It usually focuses on matters in the present, and its chief topic is right versus wrong. Most sermons- and too many political speeches- are demonstrative. (The other two forms of rhetoric are deliberative and forensic.)	192
195316014	idiom	inseparable words with a single meaning. Often mistaken for figures in general, the idiom is merely a kind of figure.	193
195316015	jeremiad	prophecy of doom; also called cataplexis.	194
195316016	kairos	The rhetorical art of seizing the occasion. It covers both timing and the appropriate medium.	195
195316017	equivocation	(ih kwiv uh kā´ shuhn) - a common fallacy of ambiguity, where a word or phrase is used with two distinct meanings, but the conclusion is drawn as if there were only one meaning. This can create statements which are both compelling and incorrect, either by accident or by design. Purpose: subtle fallacies may be deliberate, designed to confuse an issue, to conceal an argument's weaknesses, or connect to unrelated points. Identifying and exposing these flaws can quickly tear down otherwise compelling arguments.	196
195316018	metastasis	a figure of thought that skips over an awkward matter. "Traffic was horrible. I got into a little fender-bender, no big deal, but I got you that shirt you wanted."	197
195316019	neologism	the newly minted word	198
195316020	paradigm	a rule that arises from examples. "Look at those maples turning colors; we must be getting into fall."	199
195316021	paralipsis	A figure in which you mention something by saying you are not going to mention it. It makes you sound fairer than you are.	200
371967187	parataxis	(pa rǝ tax´ is) - involves listing a series of clauses with no conjunctions Purpose: to imply a sense of immediacy, or to indicate multiple things happening at once, even though that may not be the case	201
195316022	phronesis	(froh nee´ sis) - one of the rhetorical constituents of ethos, this is characterizing a speaker as having prudence or practical wisdom. More specifically, the speaker is characterized as having the "wisdom to take counsel, to judge the goods and evils and all the things in life that are desirable and to be avoided, to use all the available goods finely, to behave rightly in society, to observe due occasions, to employ both speech and action with sagacity, to have expert knowledge of all things that are useful" (translated from On Virtues and Vices by H. Rackam). Purpose: to imply the speaker is wise and knowledgeable, therefore reliable	202
195316023	red herring	a detail or remark inserted into a discussion, either intentionally or unintentionally, that sidetracks the discussion. The red herring is invariably irrelevant and is often emotionally charged. Purpose: to trick opponents into going after the red herring and forgetting what they were initially talking about; hopefully opponent(s) never get back to their original topic.	203
195316024	reductio ad absurdum	taking an opponent's argument to its illogical conclusion. A fallacy in formal logic; in rhetoric, a great tool.	204
195316025	post hoc ergo propter hoc	the Chanticleer fallacy. A followed B; therefore, A caused B. ("My crowing makes the sun come up.")	205
195316026	significatio	A benign form of innuendo that implies more than it says. "He's a stickler for detail," you say of an indecisive muddler.	206
195316027	slippery slope	the fallacy of dire consequences. It assumes that one choice will necessarily lead to a cascading series of bad choices.	207
195316028	solecism	the figure of ignorance; a generic term for illogic, or bad grammar or syntax	208
195316029	syncrisis	a figure that reframes an argument by redefining it. "Not manipulation. Instruction."	209
195316030	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response.	210
195316031	extended metaphor	A metaphor that continues beyond it's initial use, often developed at great length, occurring frequently throughout a work.	211
195316032	predicate nominative	a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject	212
195316033	predicate adjective	an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject	213
195316034	passive voice	the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb. Ex. 'The ball was thrown by the boy' uses the passive voice.	214
195316035	active voice	the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb. Ex. 'The boy threw the ball' uses the active voice.	215
195328798	description	depiction through sensory evidence. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Description refers to an essay that uses concrete details (touch, smell, taste, and hearing) to support a specific argument, give the reader a sense of immediacy, or establish a mood.	216
195328799	process analysis	explaining how to do something, how others do it, or how certain things occur. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Process Analysis refers to an essay that uses process analysis to make a point or to tell one's own story.	217
195328800	exemplification	providing specific instances in support of general ideas. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Exemplification refers to an essay that provide anecdotes that serve as examples to make a point or support a specific argument.	218
195328801	definition	explanation of the nature of a word, thing, or idea. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Definition refers to an essay that often redefines: they attempt to make us understand something we thought we already understood.	219
195328802	classification and division	the sorting out of elements into classes or groups, or the separation of something into its parts. As one of the Rhetorical Modes of Essays, Classification and Division are used when a writer wants to break something down into its elements or group a number of things in order to analyze them.	220