Rhetorical Terms

Rhetorical terms students need to know for AP English Language

7980232	Abstract	refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images ( ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places). The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language.
7980233	Ad Hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."
7980234	Allegory	an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface of the story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric. Examples: John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (Temptations of Christians) , Orwell's Animal Farm (Russian Revolution), and Arthur Miller's Crucible ("Red Scare")
7980235	Alliteration	repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are close to one another: Mickey Mouse; Donald Duck; Daffy Duck; Suzy Sells Seashells ...
7980236	Allusion	a reference to a well-known person, place, or thing from literature, history, etc. Example: Eden, Scrooge, Prodigal Son, Catch-22, Judas, Don Quixote, Mother Theresa
7980237	Analogy	Comparison of two similar but different things, usually to clarify an action or a relationship, such as comparing the work of a heart to that of a pump. An analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. Ex: Shells were to ancient cultures as dollar bills are to modern American culture. Ex: Running a business is like managing an orchestra. Ex: The heart is like a pump.
7980238	Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent. Ex: "There was the delight I caught in seeing long straight rows. There was the faint, cool kiss of sensuality. There was the vague sense of the infinite...." Ex: "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. " Churchill.
7980239	Anecdote	a short, simple narrative of an incident; often used for humorous effect or to make a point.
7980240	Annotation	Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.
7980241	Antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs. Examples: "To be or not to be..." Shakespeare's Hamlet "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country...." Kennedy "The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here." Lincoln
7980242	Aphorism	a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life. Examples: "Early bird gets the worm." "What goes around, comes around.." "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
7980243	Apostrophe	usually in poetry but sometimes in prose; the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction Ex: "For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel. Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
7980244	Argumentation	writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation
7980245	Assonance	repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh/fade,
7980246	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. Ex: "Be one of the few, the proud, the Marines." Marine Corps Ex: "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." John F. Kennedy
7980247	Cacophony	harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony.
7980248	Caricature	descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or a facet of personality.
7980249	Colloquialism	a word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)
7980250	Coherence	quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle
7980251	Concrete Language	Language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities.
7980252	Connotation	implied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind.
7980253	Consonance	repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong
7980254	Conundrum	a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; it may also be a paradox or difficult problem
7980255	Deduction	the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example
7980256	Denotation	literal meaning of a word as defined
7980257	Description	the picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse
7980258	Diction	word choice, an element of style; it creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic ______ would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise than street slang.
7980259	Didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. The work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns. This type of writing may be fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
7980260	Discourse	spoken or written language, including literary works; the four traditionally classified modes of ____________ are description, exposition, narration, and persuasion.
7980261	Dissonance	harsh or grating sounds that do not go together
7980262	Dramatic Irony	When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfictional character's perception of a situation and the truth of that situation.
7980263	Emotional Appeal	When a writer appeals to readers' emotions (often through pathos) to excite and involve them in the argument.
7980264	Epigraph	the use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two quotations. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.
7980265	Epistrophe	repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect (as Lincoln's "of the people, by the people, for the people") Compare to anaphora. Ex: "When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child." (Corinthians) Ex: I'll have my bond!/ Speak not against my bond!/ I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond.---The Merchant of Venice
7980266	Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in this type of appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence. (Ethos)
7980267	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common saying for "he died." These are also often used to obscure the reality of a situation. The military uses "collateral damage" to indicate civilian deaths in a military operation.
7980268	Euphony	a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony
7980269	Example	An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing through this process is considered reliable if _______________ are demonstrable true or factual as well as relevant.
7980270	Explication	The art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. It usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
7980271	Exposition	the immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot; also, explanation; one of the four modes of discourse
7980272	Extended Metaphor	a sustained comparison, often referred to as a conceit. The extended metaphor is developed throughout a piece of writing
7980273	False Analogy	When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them.
7980274	Figurative Language	language that contains figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal.
7980275	Figures of Speech	expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations.
7980276	Foreshadowing	the use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs late in the work
7980277	Freight-Train	Sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by conjunctions.
7980278	Generalization	When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping generalizations occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some.
7980279	Genre	a type of literary work, such as a novel or poem; there are also subgenres, such as science fiction or sonnet, within the larger genres
7980280	Hubris	the excessive pride of ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings of impending doom, eventually causing his or her downfall.
7980281	Humor	anything that causes laughter or amusement; up until the end of the Renaissance, humor meant a person's temperament
7980282	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis (Example: He was so hungry he could have eaten a horse.)
7980283	Image	A word or words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the sense. An image is always a concrete representation.
7980284	Imagery	words or phrases that use a collection of images to appeal to one or more of the five senses in order to create a mental picture
7980285	Induction	the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization
7980286	Inference	a conclusion one can draw from the presented details
7980287	Interior Monologue	writing that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's head
7980288	Invective	a verbally abusive attack
7980289	Inversion	reversing the customary (subject first, then verb, then complement) order of elements in a sentence or phrase; it is used effectively in many cases, such as posing a question: "Are you going to the store?" Usually, the element that appears first is emphasized more than the subject.
7980290	Irony	a situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected.
7980291	Jargon	The special language of a profession or group. The term usually has pejorative associations, with the implication that jargon is evasive, tedious, and unintelligible to outsiders. The writings of the lawyer and the literary critic are both susceptible to jargon.
7980292	Logic	the process of reasoning
7980293	Logical Fallacy	a mistake in reasoning
7980294	Lyrical	Songlike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination.
7980295	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which one thing is referred to as another; for example, "my love is a fragile flower"
7980296	Metonymy	a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using "the crown" to refer to a monarch ; Also, "The pen is mightier than the sword."
7980297	Mode	the method or form of a literary work; the manner in which a work of literature is written
7980298	Mood	similar to tone, it is the primary emotional attitude of a work (the feeling of the work; the atmosphere). Syntax is also a determiner of this term because sentence strength, length, and complexity affect pacing.
7980299	Moral	The lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story. It can also mean a heavily didactic story.
7980300	Motif	main theme or subject of a work that is elaborated on in the development of the piece; a repeated pattern or idea
7980301	Narration	the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse
7980302	Negative-Positive	Sentence that begins by stating what is NOT true, then ending by stating what is true.
7980303	Non-sequitur	Latin for "it does not follow." When one statement isn't logically connected to another
7980304	Objectivity	an impersonal presentation of events and characters. It is a writer's attempt to remove himself or herself from any subjective, personal involvement in a story. Hard news journalism is frequently prized for its objectivity, although even fictional stories can be told without a writer rendering personal judgment.
7980305	Onomatopoeia	the use of words that sound like what they mean, such as "hiss," "buzz," "slam," and "boom"
7980306	Oversimplification	When a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument
7980307	Oxymoron	a figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases, such as "wise fool," bitter-sweet," "pretty ugly," "jumbo shrimp," "cold fire"
7980308	Pacing	the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another
7980309	Parable	a short tale that teaches a moral; similar to but shorter than an allegory
7980310	Paradox	a statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning, as in this quotation from Henry David Thoreau; "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude."
7980311	Parallelism	the technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form. Parallel structure may be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb; it may take the form of two or more of the same type of phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive) that modify the same noun or verb; it may also take the form of two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Or, parallel structure may be a complex bend of singe-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same sentence. Example (from Churchill): "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields."
7980312	Parody	a work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements. . It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous. It depends on allusion and exaggerates and distorts the original style and content.
7980313	Pathos	an element in experience or in artistic representation evoking pity or compassion. . Over-emotionalism can be the result of an excess of pathos.
7980314	Pedantic	a term used to describe writing that borders on lecturing. It is scholarly and academic and often overly difficult and distant
7980315	Personification	the attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or an inanimate object
7980316	Persuasion	a form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse; language intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion.
7980317	Point of View	the perspective from which a story is presented
7980318	Polysyndeton	Sentence which uses and or another conjunction (with no commas) to separate the items in a series. Polysyndeton appear in the form of X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of a series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton.
7980319	Protagonist	the main character of a literary work
7980320	Red Herring	When a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue
7980321	Reductio ad Absurdum	the Latin for "to reduce to the absurd." This is a technique useful in creating a comic effect and is also an argumentative technique. It is considered a rhetorical fallacy because it reduces an argument to an either/or choice
7980322	Regionalism	an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot
7980323	Repetition	Word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity
7980324	Rhetoric	the art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse; Rhetoric focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create felicitous and appropriate discourse.
7980325	Rhetorical modes	exposition, description, narration, argumentation
7980326	Rhetorical Question	one that does not expect an explicit answer. It is used to pose an idea to be considered by the speaker or audience.
7980327	Sarcasm	harsh, caustic personal remarks to or about someone; less subtle than irony
7980328	Satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.
7980329	Setting	Time and place of a literary work
7980330	Simile	a figure of speech that uses like, as, or as if to make a direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities; for example, "The sky looked like an artist's canvas."
7980331	Speaker	the voice of a work; an author may speak as himself or herself or as a fictitious persona
7980332	Stereotype	a character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality; a conventional patter, expression or idea.
7980333	Straw Man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.
7980334	Style	an author's characteristic manner of expression - his or her diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to style
7980335	Subjectivity	a personal presentation of evens and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions
7980336	Syllogism	A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. A syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Example: Major Premise: All tragedies end unhappily. Minor Premise: Hamlet is a tragedy. Conclusion: Therefore, Hamlet ends unhappily.
7980337	Symbolism	the use of symbols or anything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance
7980338	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, such as using "boards" to mean a stage or "wheels" to mean a car - or "All hands on deck."
7980339	Syntactic Fluency	Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length.
7980340	Syntactic Permutation	Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved. They are often difficult for a reader to follow.
7980341	Syntax	the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence. It includes length of sentence, kinds of sentences (questions, exclamations, declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, simple, complex, or compound).
7980342	Theme	the central idea or "message" or a literary work
7980343	Thesis	the main idea of a piece of writing. It presents the author's assertion or claim. The effectiveness of a presentation is often based on how well the writer presents, develops, and supports this.
7980344	Tone	the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.)
7980345	Transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.
7980346	Tricolon	Sentence consisting of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.
7980347	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.
7980348	Unity	quality of a piece of writing (also see coherence)
7980349	Voice	refers to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive voice). The second refers to the total "sound" of a writer's style.