AP bio ch 2
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| anything that takes up space and has mass | ||
| substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions | ||
| substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed radio | ||
| those required by an organism in only minute quantities | ||
| electrically neutral | ||
| electrically charged, positive | ||
| electrically charged, negative | ||
| center of an atom | ||
| unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles | ||
| number of protons in the nuclei | ||
| sum of the protons plus neutrons | ||
| approximation of the total mass of an atom | ||
| same number of protons but different number of neutrons thus different masses | ||
| nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy | ||
| capacity to cause change | ||
| energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure | ||
| electrons are found in them, each with a characteristic average distance and energy level | ||
| outermost electrons that the chemical behavior of an atom relies on | ||
| outermost electron shell | ||
| three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time | ||
| attractions that result in atoms staying close together | ||
| sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms | ||
| H, C, O, etc | ||
| One pair of shared electrons | ||
| notation that represents both atom and bonding | ||
| indicating that the molecule (ie, H2) consists of two atoms of Hydrogen | ||
| double covalent bond; sharing two pairs of valence electrons | ||
| bonding capacity | ||
| attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | ||
| In a covalent bond between to atoms of the same element, the outcome of the tug-of-war for common electrons is a standoff; the two atoms are equally negative, such a bond in which electroms are shared equally | ||
| In compounds where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally; vary in their polarity, depending on the electronegativity of the two atoms | ||
| a charged atom or molecule | ||
| positive ion | ||
| negative ion | ||
| cations and anions attract each other; this attraction | ||
| compounds formed by ionic bonds | ||
| hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom | ||
| weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are close together | ||
| point at which the reactions offset one another-dynamic equilibrium, reactions are still going on but with no net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products; DOES NOT mean that the concentrations of reactants and products are equal in concentration, but only that their concentrations have stabilized partial ratio |