RVTM Myers Psychology for AP - Unit 6 Flashcards

194129203	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
194129204	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
194129205	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning	2
194129206	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
194129207	behaviorism	the view that psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
194129208	unconditioned response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
194129209	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response	6
194129210	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
194129211	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response	8
194129212	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	9
194129213	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order Conditioning)	10
194129214	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced	11
194129215	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
194129216	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses	13
194129217	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
194129218	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
194129219	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
194129220	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher	17
194129221	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
194129222	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by faborable consequences become more like, that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	19
194129223	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	20
194129224	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
194129225	discriminative stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	22
194129226	reinforce	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	23
194129227	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	24
194129228	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)	25
194129229	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	26
194129230	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce	27
194129231	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
194129232	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
194129233	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	30
194129234	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	31
194129235	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
194129236	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
194129237	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
194129238	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	35
194129239	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	36
194129240	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	37
194129241	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
194129242	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	39
194129243	observational learning	learning by observing others (also social learning)	40
194129244	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	41
194129245	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	42
194129246	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	43
194129247	little albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	44
194129248	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	45
194129249	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	46
194129250	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	47
194129251	Rosalie Rayner	graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion	48
194129252	Martin Seligman	researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology	49
194129253	B.F. Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	50
194129254	Edward Thorndike	Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.	51
194129255	John Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat	52
194129256	biofedback	Biofeedback is a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	53
194129257	observational learning	learning by observing others	54
194129258	aversion theory	Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	55