AP Psychology Chapter 9 Thinking & Language
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| 43608177 | Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | |
| 43608178 | Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | |
| 43608179 | Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category | |
| 43608180 | Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem | |
| 43608181 | Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 398) | |
| 43608182 | Insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | |
| 43608183 | Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | |
| 43608184 | Fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving | |
| 43608185 | Mental set | A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem | |
| 43608186 | Belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | |
| 43608187 | Intuition | knowing or sensing something without the use of reason; an insight | |
| 43608188 | Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving | |
| 43608189 | Representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | |
| 43608190 | Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common | |
| 43608191 | Overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments | |
| 43608192 | Framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | |
| 43608193 | Belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid | |
| 43608194 | Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | |
| 43608195 | Phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | |
| 43608196 | Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | |
| 43608197 | Grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | |
| 43608198 | Semantics | The study of meaning in language. | |
| 43608199 | Syntax | studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences | |
| 43608200 | Babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | |
| 43608201 | One-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a childspeaks mostly in single words. | |
| 43608202 | Two-word stage | Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | |
| 43608203 | Telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words | |
| 43608204 | Aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding) | |
| 43608205 | Broca's area | controls language expression-an aread of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech | |
| 43608206 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe | |
| 43608207 | Linguistic relativity | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | |
| 43608208 | Artificial Intelligence | the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes suchs as reasoning and understanding language | |
| 43608209 | Computer Neural Networks | Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells |