Biology I Pre-AP Final Study Guide
Also be able to label: The bones, muscles, digestive system, and bacteria cell structure. (pg. 487)
Refer to pg. 309, figuge 12.1 to learn how to analyze a pedigree.
Be able to transcribe DNA to mRNA codon and corresponding amino acid. (pg. 292)
Be able to read a karyotype.
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| 169684862 | It is the beginning of digestion where mechanical digestion takes place, and where chemical digestion begins. | What is the function of the mouth? | |
| 169684863 | To produce saliva which aids in chewing, and is the beginning of chemical digestion. Saliva contains the chemical amylase which breaks starch molecules into sugar. | What is the function of the salivary glands? | |
| 169684864 | To be a passage way for food between the mouth and the stomach. | What is the function of the esphagus? | |
| 169684865 | To produce bile and to be a storage place for amino acids once they have been broken down from proteins during digestion. | What is the function of the liver? | |
| 169684866 | To breakdown food by squeezing, sloshing, and mixing together food while adding two essential digestive chemicals: hydrochloric acid and pepsin. | What is the function of the stomach? | |
| 169684867 | To be storage place for bile until it is need in the small intestine to emulsify fat. | What is the function of the gallbladder? | |
| 169684868 | To add more digestive chemicals to the chyme such as trypsin. | What is the function of the pancreas? | |
| 169684869 | To absorb nutrients from food by breaking complex sugars into simple sugars, breaking down proteins into amino acids, and emulsifing fats. | What is the function of the small intestine? | |
| 169684870 | To strip water from waste. | What is the function of the large intestine? | |
| 169684871 | To collect waste and give us the urge to defecate. | What is the function of the rectum? | |
| 169684872 | An opening at the end of the rectum where waste is removed from the body. | What is the anus? | |
| 169684873 | The tearing, grinding, and chewing process of digestion. | What is mechanical digestion? | |
| 169684874 | A thick liquid created by the stomach during digestion. | What is chyme? | |
| 169684875 | Breaks down proteins into amino acids. | What does the digestive chemical trypsin do? | |
| 169684876 | The process where water is removed from waste in the large intestine and returned to the body. | What is reabsorption? | |
| 169684877 | "To change into small drops." During emulsification fats are broken down into tiny drops that can pass through the wall of the small intestine. | What does the term emulsify mean? | |
| 169684878 | Break down proteins into amino acids. Trypsin made in the pancreas and is added to the chyme as it travels through the small intestine. | What does the digestive chemical trypsin do? | |
| 171191295 | Appendicular | Are the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges in your foot part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | |
| 171191296 | Axial | Are the seven vertebrae in your neck part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | |
| 171191297 | Axial | Is your rib cage part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | |
| 171191298 | Appendicular | Are the bones in your shoulder part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | |
| 171191299 | Axial | Is the lower jaw part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | |
| 171191300 | Appendicular | Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | |
| 171191301 | The bones in your head neck and core. | The axial skeleton is ____? | |
| 171191302 | The bones in the appendages. | The appendicular skeleton is ___? | |
| 171191303 | They are eukaryotic, multicellular, they don't have cell walls, and they have specialized cells that form tissues and organs. | What are the characteristics of animals? | |
| 171191304 | Radial | Animals with ____ symmetry can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves. | |
| 171191305 | Bilateral | Animals with ___ symmetry can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves. Animals with this can be divided in half only along one plane. | |
| 171191306 | Asymmetrical | ____ animals have an irregular body shape that has no symmetry. | |
| 171191307 | Hydrostatic, endoskeleton, and exoskeleton. | What are the three skeleton types? | |
| 171191308 | Hydrostatic skeleton | A structure found in soft bodied organisms consisting of a fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscles. | |
| 171191309 | Sessile | Organisms that are permanently attached to a surface, and cannot move from place to place. | |
| 171191310 | Anterior | The head end of an organism. | |
| 171191311 | Posterior | The tail end of an organism. | |
| 171191312 | Dorsal | The top, or upper surface of an organism. | |
| 171191313 | Ventral | The bottom, or lower surface of an organism | |
| 171191314 | Exoskeleton | A hard covering on the outside of the body that provides a framework for support, provides a place for muscle attachment, prevents water loss, and provides protection. | |
| 171191315 | Endoskeleton | An internal skeleton that is covered by layers of cells and provides support for an animal's body. It also provides protection for internal organs and provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against. | |
| 171191316 | Vertebrate | An animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone. | |
| 171191317 | Invertebrate | An animal that does not have a backbone. | |
| 171191318 | Openings in leaf tissues that control the exchange of gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor. | What is the stomata? | |
| 171191319 | Cells that surround and control the opening of a stomata. | What are the guard cells? | |
| 171191320 | Photosyntheitc tissue of a leaf. | What is the mesophyll? | |
| 171191321 | Plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. | What is the xylem? | |
| 171191322 | Plant tissue that transports sugars to all parts of the plant. | What is the phloem? | |
| 171191323 | Dermal tissue composed of flattend cells that cover all parts of the plant. Helps to protect the plant and prevent water loss. | What is the epidermis? | |
| 171191324 | Waxy waterproof coating on the stems and leaves of most plants that helps to retain water. | What is the cuticle? | |
| 171191325 | Taproots such as carrots, and fibrous roots such as the roots of most grasses and flowers. | What are the two main types of root systems? Give an example of each. | |
| 171191326 | Herbacious stems such as the stems of flowers, and woody stems such as tree trunks. | What are the two types of stems? Give an example of each. | |
| 171191327 | Herbacious stem | Type of stem that is soft and flexible. | |
| 171191328 | Woody stem | Type of stem that is hard and rigid. | |
| 171379475 | It is closed, it appears like this in order to retain precious water vapor, needed in this weather, that would otherwise be lost due to transpiration. | How does the stomata appear in hot, dry weather? Why does it appear like this? | |
| 171379476 | Open, it appears this way because it has plenty of water allowing for the plant to let water vapor and other gases to move freely. | How does the stomata appear in moist favorable conditions? Why does it appear like this? | |
| 171379477 | Transpiration | The loss of water through the stomata. | |
| 171379478 | Temperature, Amount of water, and amount of carbon dioxide. | What factors affect the rate of transpiration? | |
| 171379479 | Auxin | A plant hormone that promotes cell elongation, allows a cell to grow longer and leads to stem growth, and it is produced in the apical meristem of plant stems. | |
| 171379480 | Gibberellin | A plant hormone that promotes growth and causes plants to grow taller. | |
| 171379481 | Cytokinin | A plant hormone that stimulates cell division. | |
| 171379482 | Ethylene | A plant hormone that is a gas that promotes ripening, and is produced mostly by fruits. | |
| 171379483 | Tropism | A plant's response to an external stimulus | |
| 171379484 | Phototropism | A plant's movement in response to light. | |
| 171379485 | Gravitropism | A plant's movement in response to gravity. | |
| 171379486 | Thigmotropism | A plant's movement in response to touch. | |
| 171379487 | Nastic movement | Plant movements that occur more suddenly, and are not dependent on the direction of the stimulus. | |
| 171379488 | Tropism is a gradual response from a plant, such as leaning towards a light source; while a nastic movement is a sudden response to a stimulus, such as when a venus fly trap shuts when a fly lands on it. | What is the difference between tropism and nastic movement. | |
| 171379489 | Meristem | Regions of actively dividing cells. | |
| 171379490 | Apical meristem | Found at the tips of roots and stems, and allows for them to increase in length. | |
| 171379491 | Lateral meristem | Similar in function to the apical meristem but allows for a plant to grow in width. | |
| 171379492 | Virus | Nonliving particles composed of nucleic acids encosed ina protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium. | |
| 171379493 | Host cell | A cell in which a virus replicates | |
| 171379494 | Retrovirus | The RNA virus with the most complex replication cycle. The virus replicates by making viral DNA from viral RNA, then integrating the viral DNA into the host cell's DNA. | |
| 171379495 | Reverse transcriptase | Enzyme carried in the capsid of a retrovirus that helps to produce viral DNA from viral RNA. | |
| 171379496 | Bacteriophage | A virus that infects a bacterium. | |
| 171379497 | Binary fission | Asexual bacteria reproduction that creates identical copies of the original bacteria. | |
| 171379498 | Conjugation | Form of sexual reproduction in some bacteria where one bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to anouther through a bridgelike structure called a pilus. | |
| 171494219 | Attachment, entry, replication, assemply, and release. | What are the five steps of the lytic cycle? | |
| 171494220 | Lytic cycle | The process of infecting and killing host cells to copy virus's. | |
| 171494221 | Lysogenic cycle | A replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell's chromosomes. | |
| 171494222 | Begins in the same way as the lytic cycle, the virus attaches to the host cell and its nucleic acid enters the cell. However instead of immediatly taking over the host, the viral DNA is integrated into the host cell forming a provirus. This provirus will then replicate normally passing on the viral DNA. These provirus's can then enter the lytic cycle at any time killing the cells and releasing the virus. | Describe the lysogenic cycle. | |
| 171494223 | HIV is a RNA retrovirus that once inside a human host infects and eventually kills white blood cells. It stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. | What is HIV and what does it stand for? | |
| 171494224 | AIDS is a disease caused by HIV and continues to destory a person white blood cells, interfering with their ability to fight off other diseases. Stands for Aquired Immune Deficiancy Sydrome. | What is AIDS and what does it stand for? | |
| 171494225 | Archaebacteria | A prokaryotic organism that thrives in extreme enviroments | |
| 171494226 | 1st type live in oxygen free enviroments such as the bottoms of lakes, marshes, and the digestive tracks of some animals. They produce methane gas. The 2nd type lives only in waterwith high concentrations of salt. 3rd type lives in hot, acidic waters of sulpher springs and in cracks deep in the sea floor. | What are the three types of archaebacteria? | |
| 171494227 | Eubacteria | A prokaryotic organism that are less complex and live in more hospitable enviroments then archaebacteria. | |
| 171494228 | Heterotrophs that get there food by being parasitic or saprophtic, photosynthetic autotrophs, and chemosynthetic autotrophs. | What are the three types of eubacteria? | |
| 171494229 | Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals (spirilla). | What are the three bacteria shapes? | |
| 171494230 | A technique that distinguishes two groups of bacteria because basic differences in their cell walls produce different stains. Gram-positive bacteria are purple, Gram-negative bacteria are pink. This is important because different antibiotics affect each type of bacteria. | What is Gram staining? | |
| 171494231 | Binary fission and conjugation. | What are the two types of bacteria reproduction? | |
| 171494232 | Certain bacteria preform nitrogen fixation, replacing nitrogen to soil, some aid in composting and the breaking down of waste, some produce important antibiotics and food, and some aid in digestion. | What are some of the uses and benefits of bacteria? | |
| 171494233 | Kingom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. | What are the the 7 taxons? (In order) | |
| 171494234 | Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia. | What are the six kingdoms? | |
| 171494235 | Unicellular prokaryotes that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, with a very strong cell wall and the least complex genetic makeup. No complex organ systems | What are the characteristics of eubacteria? | |
| 171494236 | Unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme enviroment commonly devoid of oxygen. They can be autotrophs or heterotrophs. No complex organ systems. | What are the characteristics of archaebacteria? | |
| 171494237 | Eukaryotes that can be unicellular or multicellular and have visible nuclei.They lack complex organ systems and live in moist enviroments. They can be autotrophs or heterotrophs. | What are the characteristics of protists? | |
| 171494238 | Non-moving eukaryotic heterotrophs that can be multicellular or unicellular and get their enegy from dead organisms. They have cell walls made up chitin, a tough flexible carbohydrate. | What are the characteristics of fungi? | |
| 171494239 | Non-moving multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and have complex organ systems. | What are the characteristics of plants? | |
| 171494240 | Multicellular, Heterotrophic eukaryotes that can move from place to place and have complex organ systems. | What are the characteristics of animals? | |
| 171494241 | Taxonomy | The branch of biology that groups and names organims | |
| 171494242 | Binomial nomenclature | A two-word naming system used in modern classification that was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. | |
| 171494243 | Primate | A group of mammals that include lemurs, monkeys,apes, and humans. The majority are arboreal and have complex brains, they have the largest brain of any terrestrial animal relative to body size. They have flexible shoulder and hip joints. | |
| 171494244 | Prehensile tail | A long muscular tail found on many primates that is used as a fifth limb. | |
| 171494245 | Opposable thumb | A thumb that can cross the palm to meet other fingertips. | |
| 171494246 | Biped | Being able to walk on two legs. | |
| 171494247 | Opposable thumbs, binocular vision, brain volume, arm movement, flexible joints, and grasping feet. | What are the common characteristics of primates? | |
| 172292503 | Artificial selection | Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits | |
| 172292504 | Natural selection | A mechansim for change in a population, occurs when organisms with favoritable variations survive, reproduce, and pass those variations to the next generation. | |
| 172292505 | Homologous structure | Structual features with a common evolutionary goal. | |
| 172292506 | Vestigial structure | A body structure in a present day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was useful to an ancestor. | |
| 172292507 | Camouflage | An adaptation that enables a species to blend in to their suroundings. | |
| 172292508 | Mimicry | A structual adaptation that enables one species to resemble anouther. | |
| 172999469 | Pangea | A large landmass that contained all of the continents about 245 million years ago. | |
| 172999470 | Spontaneous generation | The idea that nonliving material can produce life. | |
| 172999471 | A British scientist who in 1831 sailed around the world in the HMS Beagle, and developed the theory of natural selection. | Who was Charles Darwin? | |
| 172999472 | Organisms with favorable traits survive, reproduce, and spread their traits to their offspring. Organisms that don't have these traits are less likely to survive and reproduce, therefore each generation has more and more organisms with these good traits. | Describe the process of natural selection. | |
| 172999473 | 1) Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2) In any population, variations exist. 3) Individuals with useful variations survive, and pass those traits on to their offspring. 4) Over time, populations of that species may look entirely different from their ancestors. | What are the four main ideas of natural selection? | |
| 172999474 | A recessive genetic disorder commonly found in Jews whose ancestors come from eastern Europe. A lack of an enzyme causes children to die before age 3. | Describe Tay-Sachs. | |
| 172999475 | A fairly common recessive genetic disorder among white Americans. This condition results in the formation and accumulation of thick mucus in the lungs and digestive track. | Describe cystic fibrosis. | |
| 172999476 | A red blood cell disorder that is common among African Americans. It is a codominance disorder where an individual who is homozygous for the allele have abnormally shaped blood cells which can cause tissue damage and pain, while individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia have both normal and abnormal blood cells. These individual only show symptoms if there is a lack of oxygen. | Describe sickle cell anemia. | |
| 172999477 | A lethal genetic disorder caused by a rare dominant allele. It results in a breakdown of certain areas of the brain. However the onset of these lethal breakdowns generally does not occur until the ages of 30 - 50. This results in an individual who has the disease to have children and pass the disease to them without knowing they have it. | Describe Huntington's disease | |
| 172999478 | Red-green color blindness and hemophilia, a blood clotting disorder. | What are two sex linked traits? | |
| 172999479 | Most sex linked traits are X-linked recessive traits. This means that it is much easier for men then women to portray these traits because a male has only one X chromosome. If this chromosome is carrying the trait then the man has the trait. For a woman to have the trait she must have both X chromosomes affected. | How are sex linked traits passed? | |
| 172999480 | Temperature, nutrition, and chemicals. | What are three factors than can influence phenotype? | |
| 172999481 | Pedigree | A graphic representation of genetic inheritance. | |
| 172999482 | Carrier | An individual who is heterozygous for a specific trait. | |
| 172999483 | Incomplete dominance | Inheritance pattern where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes; neither allele of the pair is dominant but combine and display a new trait. | |
| 172999484 | Codominance | Inheritance pattern where phenotypes of both homozygote parents are producede in heterozygous offspring so that both alleles are equally expressed. | |
| 172999485 | Sex chromosome | In humans, the 23rd pair of chromosomes; determine the sex of an individual and carry sex-linked characters. | |
| 172999486 | Sex-linked trait | Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes. | |
| 172999487 | Polygenic inheritance | Inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes; genes may be on the same or different chromosomes. | |
| 172999488 | Karyotype | Chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged according to length and location of the centromere; used to pinpoint unusual chromosome numbers in cells. | |
| 172999489 | Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. | What are the four nitrogenous bases? | |
| 172999490 | Thymine | Which base does adenine bond with? | |
| 172999491 | Guanine | Which base does cytosine bond with? | |
| 172999492 | A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. | What is a nucleotide made up of? | |
| 172999493 | Double helix | Shape of a DNA molecule formed when two twisted DNA strands are coiled into a spring-like structure and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. | |
| 172999494 | DNA replication | Process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis. | |
| 172999495 | Mutation | Any change or random error in a DNA sequence. | |
| 172999496 | Point mutation | Mutation in a DNA sequence; occurs from a change in a single base pair. | |
| 172999497 | Frameshift mutation | Mutation that occurs when a single base is added or deleted from DNA; causes a shift in the reading of codons by one base. | |
| 172999498 | Mutagen | Any agent that can cause a change in DNA; includes high-energy radiation, chemicals, or high temperatures. | |
| 172999499 | Nondisjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes. | |
| 172999500 | Codon | Set of three nitrogenous bases that represents an amino acid; order of nitrogenous bases in mRNA determines the type and order of amino acids in a protein. | |
| 172999501 | Transcription | Process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand | |
| 172999502 | Translation | Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. | |
| 172999503 | Deletion | A type of chromosomal mutation when a part of a chromosome is left out | |
| 172999504 | Translocation | A type of chromosomal mutation where a part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome. | |
| 172999505 | Insertion | A type of chromosomal mutation where part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid. The result is a duplication of genes on the same chromosome | |
| 172999506 | Inversion | A type of chromosomal mutation when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches backwards. | |
| 172999507 | Uracil, and like thymine it also bonds with adenine. | In RNA what nitrogenous base replaces thymine, and what base does it bond to? |