Chapter 6-7

47305024	Maintenance Rehearsal	Involves rote repetition of an item's auditory representation. Does not lead to stronger or more durable memories.
47305025	Elaborative Rehearsal	Involves deep sematic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories.
47315318	Transfer Appropriate Processing Model	Says that memory will be best when the processes engaged in during encoding match those engaged in during retrieval.
47315319	Parallel Distributed Processing Model	Says that memory is distributed across a network of interconnected units that work simultaneously (in a parallel fashion) to process information.
47315320	Multiple Memory Systems Model	Says that the brain contains several memory systems, each of which resides in a different area and each of which serves somewhat different purposes.
47315321	Sensory Memory	The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
47315322	Eidetic Imagery	A form of memory, often called photographic memory, which consists of especially vivid visual recollections of material.
47315706	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
47315707	operant	a behavorial response that has some effect on an organisms environment
47315708	reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
47315709	positive reinforcer	positive stimuli that act like rewards
47315710	negative reinforcer	negative stimuli that, once removed, encourage or reinforce behavior
47315711	escape conditioning	an organism learns behaviors that lead to an escape from an unpleasant situation
47395967	Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
47395968	Stimulus Generalization	A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus.
47395969	Stimulus Discrimination	A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one.
47395970	Forward Conditioning	Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS. Two types are: delayed conditioning and trace conditioning.
47395971	Backward Conditioning	occurs when a conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned stimulus.
47395972	Equipotentiality	assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus
47406572	storage	process of maintaining or keeping a memory
47406573	retrieval	process of transferring memories from storage to consciousness
47406574	recall	retrieve information from memory without much help
47406575	recognition	retrieval of information is aided by cues
47406576	episodic memory	memory of an event that happend while one was present
47406577	semantic memory	type of memory containing generalized knowledge of the world
47433232	Biopreparedness	the idea that Humans and animals may be innately likely to learn certain adaptive associations
47433233	Second/Higher-Order Conditioning	When conditioned stimulus acts like an unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it
47433234	Acquisition	A neutral stimulus an a UCS are paired. The neutral stimulus becomes a CS, eliciting a CR
47433235	Law of Effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
47433236	Systematic Desensitization	a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias
47433237	Instrumental Conditioning	a process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones
47517348	retroactive interference	a cause of forgetting in which new information placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory
47517649	schema	mental representation of categories of objects, events, and people.
47518370	misinformation effect	Phenomenon that occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information.
47518564	method of savings	measuring forgetting by computing the difference between the number of repetitions needed to learn and, after a delay, relearn the same material
47518884	decay	the gradual disappearance of the mental representations of a stimulus
47519027	interference	the process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information
47519402	serial position effect	Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle
47526849	Sensory Registers	Holds info about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory for further processing
47526850	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
47526851	short term memory	The stage of memory where information is stored for up to 30 seconds prior to either being forgotten or transferred to long term memory.
47526852	working memory	the part of the memory system that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory
47526853	immediate memory span	the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items
47526854	chunks	stimuli that are perceived as one unit or as a meaningful grouping of information
47526855	tip of tongue phenomenon	Example of incomplete knowledge, which is when you retrieve some features of a concept from your semantic network, but not enough to identify the concept
47536355	fixed ration schedule	provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses
47536356	variable ratio schedule	provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses
47536357	fixed interval schedule	provides reinforcement for first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since last reward
47536358	variable interval schedule	provides reinforcement for first response after varying periods of time
47536359	extinction of operant conditioning	gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior
47536360	parietal reinforcement schedule	reinforcement is only present sometimes after a response
47585327	Learning	The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding
47585328	Habituation	The process of adapting to stimuli that do not change
47585329	Dishabituation	An increase in the strength of a habituated response elicited by a new stimulus
47585330	Sensitization	A process in which a given behavior increases in intensity simply with repeated occurrences
47585331	Opponent Process Theory	A theory of color vision stating that color-sensitive visual elements are grouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white elements
47585332	Classical Conditioning	A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
47602429	Procedural Memory	Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
47602430	Explicit Memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
47602431	Implicit Memory	retention independent of conscious recollection
47602432	Implicit Social Cognitions	abilities that are known from the time of birth / implied social abilities
47602433	Information-Processing Model	A theory of human development that uses the computer as a metaphor for explaining thought processes. Similar to computers, humans transform information to solve cognitive problems.
47602434	Levels-of-processing Model	describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing
47612429	latent learning	a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response
47612430	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
47612431	insight	the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
47612432	observational insight	previous experiences in problem solving are applied to new ones in a way that makes their solution seem to be instantaneous
47612433	vicarious conditioning	The strengthening or weakening of an operant response due to observing whether a model is reinforced or punished, respectively, for producing that response.
47612434	active learning	a process whereby learners are actively engaged in the learning process, rather than "passively" absorbing lectures.
47615453	partial reinforcement extinction effect	a phenomenon in which behaviours learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish that behaviours learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule.
47615454	accidental reinforcement	When one random thing is followed by a reward (by luck) and it acts as partial reinforcement.
47615455	premack principal	reinforcement depends on the situation; rewards vary with individual
47615456	response deprivation hypothesis	The notion that a behavior can serve as a reinforcer when (1) access to the behavior is restricted and (2) its frequency thereby falls below its preferred level of occurrence.
47615457	punishment	presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
47615458	learned helplessness	learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in failure to try to exert control over the environment.
47840888	context- dependent memory	Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled
47840889	state- dependent memory	Memory that is aided or impeded by a person's internal state
47840890	semantic network theory	understanding is obtained through a "spreading activation" of the links already established between the components of a sentence
47840891	spreading activation	A principle that explains how information is retrieved in semantic network theories of memory
47840892	incomplete knowledge	when you can retrieve some features of a concept from your semantic network, but it isn't enough to identify the concept
47840893	constructive memory	memories constructed from their existing knowledge to fill in gaps in new information that is being encoded
47840894	flashbulb memory	those vivid recollections of personally significant events that like a snapshot, seem to preserve all the details of a moment
48011709	Shaping (successive approzimations(	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
48011710	Reinforcement	Occurs when a stimulus or event follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be Repeated
48011711	Encoding	Conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory
48011712	Acoustic Encoding	The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
48011713	Semantic Encoding	The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
48011714	Visual Encoding	The use of imagery to process information into memory
48011715	Shaping (successive approzimations(	An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
48011716	Reinforcement	Occurs when a stimulus or event follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be Repeated
48011717	Encoding	Conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory
48011718	Acoustic Encoding	The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
48011719	Semantic Encoding	The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
48011720	Visual Encoding	The use of imagery to process information into memory
48525647	brown-peterson procedure	a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short term memory
48525648	long term memory	long lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is unlimited
48525649	primary effect	a charachteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good
48525650	recency effect	a charachteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list
48525651	retrieval cue	a stimulus that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory
48525652	repression	push into unconsciousness, memories of traumatic incidents
48525653	encoding specifity principle	a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to whcih it taps into information that was encoded at the time of the original learning
48675239	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
48675240	motivated forgetting	strong desire or motive to forget,usually experience is to disturbing/upsetting to remember
48675241	anterograde amnesia	loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma
48675242	retrograde amnesia	loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia
48675243	reconsolidation	the remembering/retieval of an old memory which requires protein synthesis in order to persist, otherwise the memory will fade away with time
48675244	mnemonics methods	strategies for placing information in an organized context in order to remember it
48675245	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information