ap english
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| the arrangement of words | ||
| an artful deviation from the ordinary arrangement of words | ||
| repitition of syntactical structure in related phrases or clauses | ||
| a sentence with w/p/c in structural similarity so that the elements of equal importance have equal development | ||
| a sentence with w/p/c in structural similarity so that the elements are in order of increasing importance | ||
| juxtaposition of contrasting phrases or clauses in parallel structure | ||
| omission of conjunctions between w/p/c, often resulting in a hurried rythem or vehement effect | ||
| omission of a word or short phrase easily understood in context | ||
| emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it | ||
| a series of items one after the other, designed to make a point more forcibly | ||
| insertation of a verbal unit that interrupts normal sytactical flow | ||
| the use of several synonyms together to amplify or explain a subject or term | ||
| repitition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive p/c | ||
| ending a series of p/c with the same words or words | ||
| repitition of words derived from the same root | ||
| employing many conjunctions between clauses, often slowing the tempo | ||
| the repitition of the last word from the previous p/c at the beginning of the next | ||
| inversion of the natural word order | ||
| repitition of words, in successive p/c, in reverse grammatical order | ||
| repitition at the end of a p/c of the word or words that occured at the beginning of the same p/c | ||
| a sentence with subject prior to predicate | ||
| a sentence which expresses the subject and predicate near the beginning and adds modifying elements at the end | ||
| a sentence which expresses the subject and predicate after all modifying elements | ||
| a sentence with dependent elements set off by dashes, parentheses, or commas | ||
| deflect in an argument which causes it to be invalid or unsound | ||
| using a statement designed to arouse pity rather than propose a logical argument | ||
| concludes a proposition is true because it hasn't been proven false, or vise versa | ||
| an appeal based on previous actions or precedent | ||
| an appeal to trying to win support by appearing to be just like the audience, the common man | ||
| appeal attacking a person or group, not the issue | ||
| concludes a proposition to be true because many people believe it | ||
| citing an expert on one subject as an expert on another | ||
| two comparable items are evaluated according to different standards | ||
| selecting to refute opponent's weakest argument, or concocting tenuous opposing arguments | ||
| divert attention from the important issue by selecting irrelevent issue to discuss | ||
| comparing two items that do not deserve comparison | ||
| emotionally appealing words closely associated with highly valued concepts and beliefs | ||
| using ambiguous word/phrase/idea and changing its meaning | ||
| obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue | ||
| stating two choices as the only alternatives | ||
| conclusion is not a logical result of the facts | ||
| implying that because one event follows another, the first caused the second | ||
| drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence | ||
| premise is identical with the conclusion | ||
| one step will eventually lead to an undesireable second (third, fourth, fifth) step. | ||
| that which the writer wants the reader to accept as reasonable or true | ||
| that which the writer wants the reader to concider a reasonable point that helps prove the claim | ||
| material used to prove the claim/subclaim | ||
| acknowledging reasonable opposing arguments | ||
| prove those opposing arguments are wrong |