Terms- Ch. 5

242559243	place theory	links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea membrane is stimulated
242559244	frequency theory	rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone
242559245	hair cells	line the basilar emebrane, trigger impulse to adjacent nerve fibers
242559246	auditory nerve	carry sound to auditory cortex
242559247	basilar membrane	lined with hair cells virtations in oval window cause ripples here
242559248	oval window	cochlea's membrane
242559249	cochlea	in the inner ear sound waves trigger nerve impulses
242559250	hammer anvil stirrup	parts the piston
242559251	eardrum	tight membrane that virbrates with sound waves
242559252	inner ear	inner most part of the ear contains cochlea, semicircular canals and vesibular sacs
242559253	middle ear	transmits eardrum vibrations through a piston to the inner ear
242559254	outer ear	visible part channels sound waves to the eardrum
242559255	pitch	tones highness or lowness
242559256	frequency	number of wave lengths that pass a given point at a given time
242559257	loudness	determinded by the strength and amplitude of a wavelength
242559258	soundwaves	jostiling molecules in the air
242559259	auditions	sense of hearing
242559260	Ewald Hering	found two additional color process theroies: 1. after image 2. opponent color
242559261	after image	responsible for red vs. green perceptions
242559262	additive color mixing	adds wave lengths and increases light
242559263	subtractive color mixing	subracts wave lenghts from reflected light
242559264	sightunseen	brains two visual system: 1. conscious perception 2. guiding our actions
242559265	blind sight	blindness in part of a persons visual field due to surgery or stroke
242559266	dilate	expand
242559267	acuity	sharpness of vision
242559268	accommodation	lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on retina
242559269	blind spot	spot where optic nerve leaves the eye no receptor cells
242559270	intensity	amount of energy in its light wave
242559271	hue	color we experience
242559272	wavelength	difference between one wave peak to the next
242559273	electromagnetic spectrum	ranges from inperceptibly short waves of gamma rays- to what we can see- to long waves of radio transmissions
242559274	sensory transduction	sensory systems convery stimulus energy into neural messages
242559275	psychophysics	study of how physical energy relates to our psychological experience
242559276	prosopagnosia	unable to recognize faces due to losing an essential area in the temporal love
242559277	conduction hearing loss	caused by mechanical problems in the process that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
242559278	sensorieneural hearing loss	caused by damage to the cochlea's hair reptors or associated nerves- sometimes cause by disease
242559279	touch taste smell	other senses
246957084	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
246957085	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
246957086	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
246957087	top-down processing	info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
246957088	absolute threshold	the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect
246957089	signal detection theory	A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise
246957090	subliminal stimulation	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
246957091	difference threshold	the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect
246957092	jnd	just noticeable difference
246957093	Ernst Weber	(perception) weber's law-just noticeable difference threshold
246957094	Webers Law	to be perceived as noticeable or different, 2 stimuli must differ by constant percentage
246957095	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
246957096	sensory transduction	Conversion of a chemical or physical stimuli into an electrical signal by sensory receptors
246957097	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
246957098	iris	muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil
246957099	lens	a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images
246957100	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
246957101	cornea	the transparent outer covering of the eye
246957102	fovea	area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute
246957103	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
246957104	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
246957105	cones	Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.
246957106	nearsightedness	see near objects clearly
246957107	farsightedness	see far away objects clearly
246957108	Leonardo da Vinci	drawings are considered the first accurate portrayals of perspective and human anatomy
246957109	Johannes Kepler	discovered that the paths of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather that circular
246957110	bipolar cells	specialized cells which connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells of the optic nerve
246957111	ganglion cells	connect the bipolar cells to the brain
246957112	optic chasm	crossing of the optic nerve from the two eyes at the base of the brain
246957113	occipital lobe	visual field
246957114	David Hubel	United States neuroscientist noted for his studies of the neural basis of vision (born in 1926)
246957115	parallel processing	brains ability to multitask
246957116	Thomas Young	showed that light, like waves, could be diffracted
246957117	Hermann von Helmholtz	Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
246957118	opponent process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision
246957119	color constancy	the tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions
246957120	temporal lobe	auditory field
246957121	volley principle	hearing cells may alternate their firing to match a sound's frequency (for higher pitches)
246957122	stereophonic hearing	localizes sound source (due to 2 ears)