ap biology chapter 20
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| 266831770 | recombinant DNA | DNA formed when segments of DNA from two different sources-often different species-are combined in vitro | |
| 266831772 | biotechnology | the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products | |
| 266831774 | genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | |
| 266831776 | plasmids | small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome | |
| 266831778 | gene cloning | the production of multiple copies of a single gene | |
| 266831780 | restriction enzymes | an endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium | |
| 266831782 | restriction site | a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme | |
| 266831783 | restriction fragments | a DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme | |
| 266831784 | sticky end | a single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment | |
| 266831785 | DNA ligase | a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment to the 5' end of another fragment | |
| 266831786 | cloning vector | a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there | |
| 266831787 | genomic library | a set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, BAC, or other cloning vector | |
| 266831788 | bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) | a large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs | |
| 266831789 | complementary DNA (cDNA) | a double-stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase; corresponds to the axons of a gene | |
| 266831790 | cDNA library | a gene library containing clones that carry complementary DNA inserts; includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells whose mRNA was isolated to make the cDNA | |
| 266831791 | nucleic acid hybridization | the process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule | |
| 266831792 | nucleic acid probe | in DNA technology, a labeled singles-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample; labeling allows its location to be detected | |
| 266831793 | expression vector | a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promotor just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame | |
| 266831794 | electroporation | a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells; the pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA can enter | |
| 266831795 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides | |
| 266831796 | gel electrophoresis | a technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer | |
| 266831797 | restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | a SNP that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme | |
| 266831798 | southern blotting | a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in samples of DNA; involved gel electrophoresis of DNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane, followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe | |
| 266831799 | northern blotting | a technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in samples of mRNA; involves gel electrophoresis of RNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe | |
| 266831800 | reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | a technique for determining expression of a particular gene that uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest | |
| 266831801 | in situ hybridization | a technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism | |
| 266831802 | DNA microarray assays | a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time; tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA | |
| 266831803 | in vitro mutagenesis | a technique used to discover the function of a a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene's sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, a studying the phenotype of the mutant | |
| 266831804 | RNA interference (RNAi) | a technique used to silence the expression of selected genes; uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA | |
| 266831805 | genome-wide association studies | a large-scale analysis of the genomes of many people having a certain phenotype or disease, with the aim of finding genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease | |
| 266831806 | single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | a single base pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population | |
| 266831807 | totipotent stem cell | a relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinatly and, under appropriate conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types | |
| 266831808 | pluripotent | capable of differentiating into many different cell types | |
| 266831809 | gene therapy | introducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes | |
| 266831810 | transgenic | pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species | |
| 266831811 | genetic profile | an individual's unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR, or previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes | |
| 266831812 | short tandem repeats (STRs) | simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of 2 to 5 nucleotides; variations act as genetic markers in analysis; used to prepare genetic profiles | |
| 266831813 | Ti plasmid | most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plant cells; a plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into a chromosome of a host plant | |
| 266831814 | genetically modified (GM) organisms | an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; aka transgenic organisms |