AP Biology Exam 11 Flashcards

153236126	fission, budding, fragmentation	what are the three methods of asexual reproduction?	0
153236127	sexual reproduction	what type of reproduction requires meiotic cell division in two parents?	1
153236128	fission followed by regeneration	occurs in cnidarians, flatworms, and segmented worms	2
153236129	fission followed by regeneration	asexual reproduction in which body spits into two and regenerates any mission body parts	3
153236130	budding	occurs in sponges and some cnidarians such as hydra	4
153236131	budding	asexual reproduction in which miniature animal begins as part of an adult, then becomes independent	5
153236132	parthenogenesis	occurs in rotifers, insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles	6
153236133	parthenogenesis	asexual reproduction in which eggs do not need to be fertilized and are developed directly into adults	7
153236134	parthenogenesis	may be caused by environment factors (if males are scarce)	8
153236135	fusion of sperm and egg	what is required in sexual reproduction?	9
153236136	hermaphrodites	organisms that produce both eggs and sperm and can self-fertilize (ex: tapeworm)	10
153236137	snails	what are some hermaphrodites that cannot self-fertilize and must exchange sperm to fertilize each other's eggs?	11
153236138	sequential hermaphrodism	a condition in which an organism starts as one gender then because of environmental conditions, change into the opposite gender	12
153236139	protogynous	organisms that undergo sequential hermaprhoditism in which the organism is a female first	13
153236140	protandrous	organisms that undergo sequential hermaprhoditism in which the organism is a male first	14
153236141	dioecious	the condition in which females and males are separate	15
153236142	spawning	fertilization that occurs in wet environments in which union of sperm and egg takes place outside the bodies of the parents	16
153236143	amplexus	external fertilization in which females release eggs and males release cloud of sperm over them while mounting a pose	17
153236144	copulation	male deposits sperm directly into female's reproductive tract (internal fertilization)	18
153244135	seminiferous tubules	where does the continuous non-stop process of spermatogenesis take place in the testes?	19
153244136	sertoli cells	what provides nutrients in the testes and regulates sperm production?	20
153244137	4 haploid sperm	what is developed from 1 spermatogonium?	21
153244138	epididymis	what stores sperm?	22
153244139	vas deferens	what connects testes to the urethra?	23
153244140	interstitial cells	where does testosterone production take place at puberty?	24
153244141	oogonia	in the female fetus cells in the ovaries become....	25
153244142	primary oocyte	at the third month of development the cells in the ovaries become...	26
153244143	fallopian tubes	what is the site of fertilization of eggs?	27
153244144	oogenesis	formation of egg cells via meiosis	28
153244145	corpus luteum	produces estrogens and progesterone, developed from remnants of ruptured follicle	29
153244146	inhibits development of follicles, stimulates growth of uterine lining	the combination of estrogens + progesterone causes what?	30
153244147	endocrine system	controls internal environment, growth and development, gamete production, and regulates metabolism?	31
153244148	exocrine and endocrine	what are the two major types of glands?	32
153244149	exocrine	these glands secrete products into ducts that empty into lumens of organs (sweat, oil, digestive glands)	33
153244150	endocrine	these glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus)	34
153244151	negative feedback	how is the amount and duration of hormone secretion regulated?	35
153244152	receptors on target cell	where do nonsteroid hormones first messengers attach?	36
153244153	chemical message, second messenger	what does the attachment of first messengers to receptors on target cell produce?	37
153244154	synergistic	effects of two or more hormones working together (ex: milk production)	38
153244155	antagonistic	effect of one hormone that opposes the other	39
153244156	steroids, amines, proteins/peptides	what are the three classes of hormones?	40
153244157	steroids	the class of hormones that are derived from cholesterol and are fat soluble so they move through plasma membrane?	41
153244158	amines	the class of hormones that are modified from Tyrosine and are water soluble so can't go through plasma membrane	42
153244159	amines	epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones	43
153244160	proteins and peptides	the class of hormones that are made through dehydration synthesis and are water soluble so can't go through plasma membrane?	44
153627344	posterior pituitary	where are the hormones ADH and oxytocin stored?	45
153627345	ADH and oxytocin	what are the two hormones made by the hypothalamus?	46
153627346	tropic hormones	hormones that were secreted into the blood and transported to the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis	47
153627347	GH hormone	which hormone causes the uptake of amino acids and promotes protein synthesis	48
153633110	thyroid	consists of two lobes located on the ventral surface of the trachea	49
153633111	thyroid	produces two iodine-containing hormones	50
153633112	hyperthyroidism	the excessive secretion of thyroid hormones which causes Graves' disease in humans	51
153633113	PTH and calcitonin	what are the two antagonistic hormones that play a major role in calcium homeostasis in mammas?	52
153633114	insulin	the hormone that lowers blood sugar levels	53
153633115	glucagon	the hormone that increases sugar levels	54
153633116	adrenal medulla and cortex	what are the two glands that make up the adrenal glands?	55
153633117	pineal gland	which gland is located within the brain and secretes melatonin?	56
153633118	melatonin	the hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythm	57
153660637	left ventricle out the aorta	how does the heart pump oxygenated blood?	58
153660638	vena cava	how does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?	59
153660639	arteries	carries blood away from the heart	60
153660640	veins	carries blood towards the heart	61
153660641	left ventricle	what is the thickest, most muscular part of the heart because it must get blood to the rest of the body?	62
153660642	SA node	"pacemaker" generates nerve pulses to set tempo	63
153660643	SA node	located in the wall of right atrium where the superior vena cava enters	64
153660644	AV node	located in the wall between the right atrium and the right ventricle; has 0.1 second delay	65
153660645	systole	contraction phase	66
153660646	diastole	relaxation phase	67
153660647	heart murmurs	produced when blood escapes between the heart sections	68
153660648	endothelium	what are blood vessels made of?	69
153660649	endo/exocytosis and diffusion	how do capillaries transport materials across membrane?	70
153660650	lymphatic system	picks up loss fluid and drains it back into the circulatory system	71
153660651	lymph nodes	these make leukocytes and filter fluid from the body	72
153660652	tracheae	tiny air tubes that come in contact with all cells; openings are spiracles; used by insects	73
153660653	larynx	upper part of respiratory tract	74
153660654	trachea	windpipe	75
153660655	bronchi	tubes to lungs	76
153660656	diaphragm	breathing muscle	77
153660657	tidal volume	amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath	78
153660658	vital capacity	maximum tidal volume during forced breathing	79
153660659	hemocyanin	found in hemolymph and functions in oxygen transport	80
153660660	hemoglobin	in vertebrates used for oxygen transport	81
153660661	copper	hemocyanin is based on...	82
153660662	iron	hemoglobin is based on...	83
153660663	bicarbonate ions	what makes up 70% of carbon dioxide transport?	84
153660664	hemoglobin	what makes up 23% of carbon dioxide transport?	85
153660665	blood plasma	what makes up 7% of carbon dioxide transport?	86
153660666	myoglobin	what do deep-diving air-breathers use which is an oxygen storing protein?	87
153717696	amylase	enzyme that breaks down starches in diet	88
153717697	pepsin	main digestive enzyme of the stomach that breaks down proteins	89
153717698	lipase	major fat digesting enzyme of the stomach that breaks down proteins	90
153717699	interferons	substances secreted by cells invaded by viruses that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins that help them defend against the viruses	91
153717700	phagocytes	white blood cells that engulf pathogens and damaged cells	92
153717701	cell-mediated response	uses mostly T cells and responds to any nonself cell which undergoes clonal selection	93
153717702	humoral response	uses most cells and response to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood	94
153717703	cytokines	secreted to activate lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system	95