AP Bio Chs 1-3

196933080	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
196933081	Acid Precipitation	rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2
196933082	Adhesion	an attraction between molecules of different substances
196933083	Aqueous Solution	a solution in which water is the solvent
196933084	Base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
196933085	Buffer	A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution
196933086	Calorie	amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
196933087	Celsius Scale	a temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9(°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
196933088	Cohesion	The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.
196933089	Colloid	a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid.
196933090	Dalton	a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.
196933091	Electronegativity	the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
196933092	Emergent Properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
196933093	Evaporation	the process by which a liquid changes into a gas
196933094	Evaporative cooling	The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state.
196933095	Heat	total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. It is energy in most random form
196933096	Heat of Vaporization	the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
196933097	Hydration Shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
196933098	Hydrogen Bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
196933099	Hydrogen Ion	A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+).
196933100	Hydronium Ion	a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+.
196933101	Hydrophilic	Having an affinity for water
196933102	Hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
196933103	Hydroxide Ion	a water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-.
196933104	Joule	A unit of energy: 1J = .239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J
196933105	Kilocalorie	1,000 calories of heat energy amount needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C at a standard pressure. Standard unit of measure for food's caloric content.
196933106	Kinetic Energy	the energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
196933107	Molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
196933108	Mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules
196933109	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
196933110	pH	A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log (H+) and ranging in value from 0 to 14
196933111	Polar Molecule	a molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule.
196933112	Solute	a substance that is dissolved in a solution
196933113	Solution	a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
196933114	Solvent	the dissolving medium in a solution
196933115	Specific Heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change is temperature by 1 degree Celsius
196933116	Structural Isomer	one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
196933117	Surface Tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
196933118	Temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflection the average kinetic energy of the molecules
196933119	Covalent Bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
196933120	Double Bond	a double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms.
196933121	Electron Shell	An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom
196933122	Element	Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions
196933123	Energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
196933124	Ion	An atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged.
196933125	Ionic Bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
196933126	Ionic Compound	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.
196933127	Isotope	one of several forms of an element, each containing the same number of protons in their atoms but a different number of neutrons
196933128	Mass number	the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
196933129	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass
196933130	Molecular Formula	A type of molecular notation representing the quantity of constituent atoms, but not the nature of the bonds that join them
196933131	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
196933132	Neutron	A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom
196933133	Nonpolar covalent bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
196933134	Nucleus	(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
196933135	Orbital	The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.
196933136	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
196933137	Potential Energy	The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure).
196933138	Product	A material resulting from a chemical reaction
196933139	Proton	A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atome
196933140	Radioactive Isotope	An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.
196933141	Reactant	A starting material in a chemical reaction
196933142	Salt	A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound
196933143	Single Bond	a single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
196933144	Structural Formula	A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.
196933145	Theory	An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence
196933146	Trace Element	An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
196933147	Valence	the bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell.
196933148	Valence Electron	An electron in the outermost electron shell
196933149	Valence Shell	The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.
196933150	Van Der Waals interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations