English 11 AP test

169212077	abstraction	a concept or value that cannot be seen and which the writer illustrates by comparing it metaphorically to a known, concrete object
169212078	absolute phrase	group of words which is almost a complete sentence and which adds information to the sentence; can be made into a sentence by adding was or were
169212079	ad hominem fallacy	an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason; to feelings rather than intellect
169212080	ad populum fallacy	misconception that a widespread occurrence of something makes it true or correct
169212081	allegory	a verse or prose narrative in which the characters, action, and sometimes setting represent abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of the work
169212082	alliteration	repretition of initial sounds
169212083	allusion	reference to artistic, literacy, scientific, or historical people, places, or things to convey tone, purpose, or effect
169212084	ambiguity	expression of an idea in such a way that suggests more than one meaning
169212085	analogy	a comparison of two things to show how something unfamiliar is like something widely known
169212086	anapest	a metrical foot that has two unstressed syllable follwed by one stressed syllable
169212087	anaphora	repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
169212088	anecdote	a brief story that illustrates a point
169212089	antagonist	the force or person working against the protagonist; the villian
169212090	antithesis	a contrast of ideas expressed in grammatically balanced statement
169212091	antecedent	the word to which a pronous refers
169212092	aphorism	a brief, clever saying that expresses a principle, truth, or observation about life
169212093	appositive	a noun which restate the noun preceding it
169212094	apostrophe	directly addressing some dead, someone missing, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman as if he/she/it was present
169212095	approximate rhyme	using words taht have some sound correspondance but imperfect rhyme
169212096	archetype	a character, situation, or symbol that is familiar to people from all cultures because it accurs frequently in literature, myth, religion, or forklore
169212097	archetypical settings	settings that have universal aspects associated by most people with a particular human experience
169212098	archetypical characters	characters who embody a certain universal human experience
169212099	argumentation	the art of the persuasive essay with a specific purpse and trageted audience; includes logos, ethos, and pathos
169212100	aside	private words by character on the stage so that the audience hears the words but the other characters do not
169212101	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds
169212102	asyndeton	deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses
169212103	atmosphere	the mood of a work partly established through description of setting and partly through the objects chosen to be described
169212104	attitude	the author's way of looking at a subject, implicit in the mode and essential to writing
169212105	ballad	a narrative poem with songlike qualities wrtten in quatrains with the rythm scheme abcb, usually in iambic pentameter
169212106	begging the question	taking for granted something that really needs proving
169212107	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter
169212108	cacophony	succession of harsh, discordant sounds in porse or verse to achieve a specific effect
169212109	caesura	a pause in a line of verse, usually near the middle of the line
169212110	characterization	the process by which the writer reveals the personalities of the characters: direct statement, physical description, dialouge, thoughts and feelings, actions, effect on others, other's reactions
169212111	chiasmus	sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is reversal of the first
169212112	circular reasoning	trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea
169212113	clause	a group of words with a subject and a verb; may be independent or dependent
169212114	climax	the decisive or turing point in a story or play when the action changes course and begins to resolve itself
169212115	closed couplet	two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme and represent a complete thought
169212116	colloquialism	the use of slang or informalities in speech and writing; not generally acceptable in formal writing; create a conversational tone
169212117	comic relief	something said or done that provides a break from the seriousness of the work
169212118	conceit	a juxtaposition that makes a surprising connection between two seemingly different things
169212119	conclusion	a reaffirmation or restatment of the thesis; also expresses a final thought about a subject, summarizes main points, uses a quotation, predicts an outcome, makes an evaluation, or recomments a course of action
169212120	confessional poetry	poetry that uses intimite and painful, disturbing or sad material from a poet's life
169212121	conflict	internal or external tension created by the struggle or by the outcome of the struggle
169212122	connotative language	words which have an implied meaning, emphasizing feelings or subjectivity that surrounds the word
169212123	contrast	a literacy technique in which the author examins two opposites to create an attitude, to accomplish a purpose of effect, or to make an assertion
169212124	control of a wide range of the elemets of wrting	mature diction, varied syntax, and effective organization to convey a clear and insightful evaluation, anaylsis, impression, or assertion
169212125	couplet	two lines of poetry
169212126	dactyl	a metrical foot with one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
169212127	deduction	deriving at a conslusion by making an inference from the premise
169212128	denotative language	the literal, dictionary definition of a word, emphasizing an objective tone
169212129	denouement	resolution of a plot
169212130	description	using vivid words to create a dominant impression of what the five senses are experiencing
169212131	dialogue	conversation between two or more characters
169212132	diction	word choice
169212133	didactic	a work in which the author's primary purpse is to instruct, teach or moralize
169212134	digression	use of material unrelated to the subject of the work
169212135	dilemma	a type of conflict in which both choices have negative connotations
169212136	dramatic monologue	a poem in which the speaker addresses one or more listeners who remain silent or whose replies are not revealed
169212137	economy	a style of writing characterized by brevity and concisness
169212138	either/or reasoning	the tendency to see an issue as having only two sides
169212139	elegy	a solemn, reflective poem, usually about death, written in a formal style
169212140	ellipsis	omission of an element from a sentence so that the grammatical structure is incomplete but the meaning is clear
169212141	end-stopped lines	lines of poetry that end with punctuation marks
169212142	enjambment	in poetry, the running over of a sentence from one verse or stanza to the next without stopping at the first
169212143	epic	long narrative poem dealing with herose and adventrues; having a national, world-wide, or cosmic setting; involving supernatural forces, and written in a deliberatly ceremonial style
169212144	epigram	a short witty verse or saying, often ending with a wry twist
169212145	epigraph	a motto or quotation at the beginning of a story, novel, or chapter, often indicating theme
169567884	epistolary novel	a novel in letter form written by one or more characters
169567885	ethos	ethical appeal in argumentation
169567886	euphemism	describing something distasteful in a positive way
169567887	euphony	a choice and arrangement of words creating a pleasant sound
169567888	exemplum	a short medieval story illustrating a moral
169567889	exposition	one of the four major types of writing; in drama, exposition is the initail part of the play when the background information is presented to the audience
169567890	fable	brief tale which teaches a moral truth and which contains characters who are often animals
169567891	figure of speech	imaginative conparisons to convey tone, purpose, or effect
169567892	fixed form	poem which have specific rhyme, meter, and/or stanza arrangement
169567893	flashback	going back in time to reveal past history that is important to the work
169567894	flat character	a one-dimensional character who remains the same throughout the work and about whom little is revealed
169567895	foil	a character who contrasts another character
169567896	foot	a unit of meter that contains a measure of syllables
169567897	form	external patter of the poem
169567898	foreshadowing	a literary technique in which the author gives hints about future events
169567899	free verse	poetry with no set rhyme and no set meter
169567900	frame	a narrative device presenting a story or group of stories within the context of a larger work
169567901	genre	form of type of literary work
169567902	gerund	the ing form of the verb used as a noun
169567903	gothic	narrative which combines a desolate setting and mysterious events to create an atmosphere of terror
169567904	grotesque	an element of gothic Romanticism in which bizarre, fantastically ugly of absurd elements are important to the overall effect
169567905	hasty generalization	drawing a premature conclusion on the basis of insuffcient evidence
169567906	heroic couplet	two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry written in iambic pentameter
169567907	hexamter	six feet/lines of poetry
169567908	homily	generally means a sermon; can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice
169567909	hyperbole	exaggeration to create an effect, to accomplish a particular purpse, or to reveal an attitude
169567910	iamb	metrical foot that has one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable
169567911	imagery	diction describing the five sense to convey tone, purpose, or effect
169567912	imperative	mood of the verb that expresses an order or a command
169567913	indicative	mood of the verb that states a fact or asks a question
169567914	induction	the process of reasoning from a part to a whole or form of the particular to the general
169567915	inference	a reasonable conclusion drawn from the information presented
169567916	infinitive	to + verb form used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
169567917	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within a line of poetry
169567918	invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language; a satire technique
169567919	inverted order	reversing the usual subject-verb-complement order, sometimes used to conform to rhyme and rythm patterns in poetry or for effect in prose
169567920	irony	the discrepancy between what is said and what is mean
169567921	juxtaposition	placing two persons, places, or things next to each other to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish a purpose
169567922	litotes	understatement in which the negative of an antonym is used to achieve emphasis and intensity
169567923	local color	detailed representation in fiction of the dialect, dress, climate, manners, customes of a particular area
169567924	logical fallacies	errors i n reasoning which render an argument invalid
169567925	logos	logical appeal of an argumentation
169567926	loose sentence	a sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses
169567927	lyrical poetry	poetry which expresses an emotion
169567928	metaphor	direct of implied comparison of two unlike thigns
169567929	meter	the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry
169567930	metonymy	a figure of speech in which a term naming an object is substituted for anouther word with which it is closely associated
169567931	mock heroic	a type of a satire using an elevated sytle out of proportion to its trivial subject
169567932	mood	the overall atmosphere in a work
169567933	motif	recurring image
169567934	myth	traditional tale of unknown authorship involving gods and godesses or other supernatural beings, often explaining some aspect of nature
169567935	narrative structure	using a chronology of events to convey tone, purpose or effect
169567936	narrator	person telling the story
169567937	Naturalism	19th century literary movement that carried Realism to the extreme by creating characters doomed by heredity and/or environment
169567938	non sequitur	an inference or conclusion that does not follow from an established premise or evidence
169567939	novel of manners	narrative which defines social mores of a specific group, often the upper-middle class
169567940	octave	an eight line poem OR the first eight lines of an Italian sonnet
169567941	ode	a long lyric poem, formal in style and complex in form, often written in commeoration or celebration of a special qualitiy, object, or occasion
169567942	onomatopoeia	use of words whose meanings imitate their sounds
169567943	organization	arranging of evidence to support a thesis
169567944	oxymoron	figure of speech that combines contradictory terms
169567945	pacing	rate of movement in a work
169567946	parable	story with an implied or stated moral
169567947	paradigm	a model, ideal, or standard
169567948	parallel structures	items in a series created with identical grammatical forms
169567949	paradox	a statement or situation that appears contradicoty but isn't
169567950	paraphrase	the restatement of a pem or work in your own words
169567951	parody	a rewording of a popularly recognized work to make fun of something
169567952	pathos	emotional appeal of argumentation
169567953	participle	verb form used as an adjective
169567954	pastoral poem	poem which often depicts an imaginary life in the country filled with happy charactes who are sheperds; events are ideal, but not real
169567955	pedantry	a display of narrow-minded and trivial scholarship; an arbitrary adherence to rules and forms
169567956	pentameter	five feet/line of poetry
169567957	periodic sentence	a sentence which does not complete its thought until the very end due to introductory modifiers
169567958	persona	the mask or voice of the author of the author's creation in a work
169567959	Petrarchan sonnet	sonnet composed of an octave and a sestet, usually with rhyme scheme abbaabba cdecde
169567960	personification	a specific type of metaphor in which inanimate objects are given human qualities
169567961	persuassion	writing which appeals to the reader's emotions and value systems, encouraging the reader to adopt an attitude or change position
169567962	phrase	a group of words
169567963	picaresque	novel which usually presnets the life story of quick-witted rogues and their adventrues
169567964	plot	sequence of events
169670384	point of view	the vantage point from which an author presents the action and characters
169670385	polysyndeton	deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis
169670386	post hoc, ergo propter hoc	assuming that an incident that precedes an incident is the cause of the second incident
169670387	predicate adjective	an adjective, an adjective phrase, or an adjective clause which follows a linking verb
169670388	predicate nominative	a noun or pronoun, groups of nouns or pronouns, or a noun clause which follows a linking verb
169670389	prologue	section of a work preceding the main plot and serving as an introduction
169670390	propaganda	writing that directly advocates a certain doctrine as the solution to some social or political problem
169670391	prose	fiction or nonfiction written in ordinary language and most closely resembles ordinary speech
169670392	portagonist	the main character
169670393	psychological novel	narrative which emphasizes motives, conflicts, and opinions of main characters, which then develop the external action
169670394	pun	play on words based on mulitple meanings of the word
169670395	quatrain	poem of four lines OR a stanza of four lines in a poem
169670396	Realism	19th century literary movemnt that attempted to portray life accurately; characters have free will
169670397	refrain	repeated words, phrases, or groups of words for effect
169670398	resolution	conclusion
169670399	rhetorical purpose	reason for the speaker's remarks OR the attitude the author would like the reader to adopt
169670400	rhetorical structure	any organizational device used to convey tone, purpose, or effect
169670401	rhetorical strategy	writing choices to accomplish a purpose
169670402	rhetorical shift	a change in attitude, purpose, or effect
169670403	rhetorical question	questions that require no answer
169670404	rhetorical modes	the variety, purposes, and conventions of the major kinds of writing
169670405	rime royal	a Chaucerian stanza composed of seven lines written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ababbcc
169670406	Romanticism	a literary movement that emphasizes intuition, imagination, and emotions over reason; expresses a love of nature and contempt for material objects
169674990	satire	writing which makes fun of human weaknesses, vice, or folly to bring about change
169674991	scansion	the marking of meter in a poem
169674992	sarcasm	bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something
169674993	sestet	six lines of poetry OR the last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet
169674994	setting	time and location of a story
169674995	Shakespearean sonnet	sonnet composed of three quatrains and a rhyming couplet with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg
169674996	sociological novel	a narrative which depicts the injustices of society, making moral judgements and offering resolution
169674997	sonnet	a fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme
169674998	Spenserian stanza	a nine line stanza with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc; the first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter and the last line is written in iambic hexameter
169674999	spondee	a metrical foot of two accented syllables
169675000	stanza	a division of a poem
169675001	sterotype	a character whose attitudes, words, and actions fall within a widely-held idea of what that "type" is like
169728092	stichomythia	dialogue in which the endings and beginnings of each line cho each other, taking on new meaning with each new line
169728093	stream of consciousness	a form of writing which replicates the way the human mind works; ideas are presented in random; thoughts may be unfinished
169728094	style	author's choice and arrangement of words, tone, mood, imagery, sound decives, syntax
169728095	subject complement	the word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements the sentence by renaming it or by describing it
169728096	subjunctive	mood of the verb that expresses a wish or a statement that is contrary to fact
169728097	subordinate clause	a dependent clause which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
169728098	syllabic verse	poetry which contains the same number of syllables in each line or fololws a pattern of syllables per line
169728099	symbol	a person, place, or thing that represents something else
169728100	synecdoche	a type of figurative langauge in which the part stands for the whole
169728101	syntax	arrangement of words in sentences to convey tone, puporse or effect
169728102	syllogism	formal argument of deductive reasoning
169728103	tercet	three lines of poetry which usually rhyme
169728104	terza rima	an interlocking three line stanza with the rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc ded
169728105	theme	underlying meaning of a work
169728106	thesis	sentence that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition in expository writing
169728107	tone	author's attitude toward the subject
169728108	tragedy	a play in which the progtagonist comes to an unhappy ending
169728109	Transcendentalism	19th century movement in the Romantic tradition which believes that humans can arise above materialism to a higher happiness through simplicity and communion with nature
169728110	transition	a word or phrase that links ideas, signaling a shift from one idea to another
169728111	trochee	a metrical foot composed of one accented syllable followed by an unaccnted syllable
169728112	understatement	ironic mimimalizing of fact
169728113	verbal	a verb form used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
169728114	villanelle	a poetic form consisting of five three line stanzas followed by a quatrain with the rhyme scheme aba aba aba aba aba abaa, lines 1 and 3 repeating alternately as refrains
169728115	wit	cleaverness and keen perception
169728116	zeugma	use of a verb that has two different meanings with objects that compliment both meanings