Unit 4 Key Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 284698297 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models. (p. 559) | 0 | |
| 284698298 | scientific revolution | Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. (p.530) | 1 | |
| 284698299 | 1648 | The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. | 2 | |
| 284698300 | Seven Years' War | Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America. (p. 536) | 3 | |
| 284698301 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets. (p. 525) | 4 | |
| 284698302 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. (p. 588) | 5 | |
| 284698303 | Guangzhou (Canton) | One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty. (p. 679) | 6 | |
| 284698304 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. (p. 571) | 7 | |
| 284698305 | mestizos | People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. (p. 552) | 8 | |
| 284698306 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. (p. 596) | 9 | |
| 284698307 | Parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significantly legislative powers in parliaments. (p. 533) | 10 | |
| 284698308 | John Locke | English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. (p. 531) | 11 | |
| 284698309 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. (p. 615) | 12 | |
| 284698310 | Boers | Dutch settlers in Cape Colony. (p. 560) | 13 | |
| 284698311 | humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages. (p. 524) | 14 | |
| 284698312 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy. (p. 532) | 15 | |
| 284698313 | Martin Luther | German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of Church. (p. 525) | 16 | |
| 284698314 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture. (p. 566) | 17 | |
| 284698315 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. (p. 627) | 18 | |
| 284698316 | Goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast, 16th century ff.; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network. (p. 667) | 19 | |
| 284698317 | Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal. (p. 560) | 20 | |
| 284698318 | vizier | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15th century often more powerful than sultan. (p. 616) | 21 | |
| 284698319 | Suleiman I | ruled during the pinnacle of Turkish power and almost succeeded in driving into the heart of the Christian Empire, A sultan who ruled in the 1500's. He was enthusiastic about architecture and built many schools and mosques. | 22 | |
| 284698320 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands. (p. 326) | 23 | |
| 284698321 | Batavia | Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java. (p. 659) | 24 | |
| 284698322 | absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. (p. 540) | 25 | |
| 284698323 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. (p.526) | 26 | |
| 284698324 | viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the King. (p. 596) | 27 | |
| 284698325 | capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit | 28 | |
| 284698326 | Shah Jahan | the fifth Mogul emperor of India. During his reign, from 1628 to 1658, the Mogul Empire reached its zenith in prosperity and luxury. He is remembered as the builder of the Taj Mahal. | 29 | |
| 284698327 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle. | 30 | |
| 284698328 | Tokugawa Shogunate | shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas | 31 | |
| 284698329 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. (p. 628) | 32 | |
| 284698330 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. (p. 530) | 33 | |
| 284698331 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. (p. 597) | 34 | |
| 284698332 | Isaac Newton | English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity. (p. 530) | 35 | |
| 284698333 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology (p. 623) | 36 | |
| 284698334 | Treaty of Paris | Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years' War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean. (p. 555) | 37 | |
| 284698335 | haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. (p. 592) | 38 | |
| 284698336 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares. (p. 601) | 39 | |
| 284698337 | Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia. (p. 526) | 40 | |
| 284698338 | Bartolomé de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 41 | |
| 284698339 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. (p. 526) | 42 | |
| 284698340 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 43 | |
| 284698341 | encomienda | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. (p. 583) | 44 | |
| 284698342 | Hernán Cortés | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan. (p. 588) | 45 | |
| 284698343 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. (p.536) | 46 | |
| 284698344 | Middle Passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th—18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture. (p. 654) | 47 | |
| 284698345 | 1453 | End of 100 Year's War; Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. | 48 | |
| 284698346 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance. (p. 524) | 49 | |
| 284698347 | mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. (p.540) | 50 | |
| 284698348 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. (p. 525) | 51 | |
| 284698349 | inflation | increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money. | 52 | |
| 284698350 | Hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-genty. (p. 674) | 53 | |
| 284698351 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. (p. 536) | 54 | |
| 284698352 | cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. (p. 567) | 55 | |
| 284698353 | Sikhs | Members of a Hindu religious sect. founded in northern India around 1500. They believe in one god and reject the caste system, religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism. | 56 | |
| 284698354 | Columbian exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred. (p. 592) | 57 | |
| 284698355 | Wollstonecraft, Mary | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. (p. 537) | 58 | |
| 284698356 | triangular trade | Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe. (p. 644) | 59 | |
| 284698357 | sola fides | salvation comes through faith in the completed work of Christ alone. | 60 | |
| 284698358 | monopoly | exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices. | 61 | |
| 284698359 | Potosí | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver. (p. 594) | 62 | |
| 284698360 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí. (p. 594) | 63 | |
| 284698361 | Thirty Years' War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. (p. 526) | 64 |