Chapter 19 Latin America Vocab Flashcards

265162967	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille	Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the new world	0
265162968	Encomiendas	Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance.	1
265162969	hispaniola	First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage.	2
265162970	Bartolome de las casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights.	3
265162971	hernan cortes	Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire and established spanish colonial rule	4
265162972	moctezuma ii	Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest.	5
265162973	mexico city	Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.	6
265162974	new spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.	7
265162975	francisco vacquez de coronado	led Spanish expedition into sounthwestern US n search of gold	8
265162976	pedro de valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541	9
265162977	mita	Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.	10
265162978	colombian exchange	Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds	11
265162979	potosi	Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia.	12
265162980	huancavelica	Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production	13
265162981	haciendas	Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy.	14
265162982	consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to American and handled much of the silver received in return.	15
265162983	galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion.	16
265162984	treaty of tordesillas	Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain.	17
265162985	recopilacion	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies.	18
265162986	council of the indies	spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the new wordl colonies	19
265162987	letrados	university-trained lawyers from spain; basic personnel of the spanish colonial bureaucratic system	20
265162988	viceroyalties	Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City.	21
265162989	audiencia	royal court of appeals established in spanish colonies of New World,; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws.	22
265162990	sor juana ines de la cruz	17th century Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual manners	23
265162991	pedro alvares cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	24
265162992	captaincies	areas along the breazilian coast granted to portugese nobles for colonial development	25
265162993	paulistas	Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century.	26
265162994	minas gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.	27
265162995	rio de janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763.	28
265162996	sociedad de castas	Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom.	29
265162997	peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World.	30
265162998	creoles	People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares.	31
265162999	amigos de pais	clubs and associations dedicated to reform in spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform	32
265163000	war of the spanish succession	(1702-1712); wide ranging war fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain	33
265163001	charles iii	Spanish enlightened monarch, ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its Empire	34
265163002	jose de galvez	Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminated Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants from local government.	35
265163003	marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.	36
265163004	comunero revolt	a popular revolt against spanish rule in new granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels	37
265163005	tupac amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.	38