AP American Government Vocab

127133572	Pluralist Theory	The belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy
127133573	Marxist Theory	View that the government is dominated by capitalists
127133574	Bureaucratic Theory (Max Weber)	View that the government is dominated by appointed officials.
127133575	Power-elite Theory (C.Wright Mills)	View that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most are outside the government
127133576	Direct Democracy	A government in which all or most citizens participate directly.
127133577	Representative Democracy	A government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote.
127133578	Liberal	Political Ideology that the government should: Reduce economic inequality, regulate business, tax the rich heavily, cure the economic causes of crime, allow abortions, protect the rights of the accused, and guarantee the broadcast possible freedoms of speech and press.
127133579	Conservative	Political view that the government should cut back on the welfare state, allow, the market to allocate goods and services, keep taxes low, lock up criminals, curb forms of conduct they regard as antisocial.
127133580	Constitutional Convention (PA)	Meant to revise the articles, ended up writing a new constitution.
127133581	Shay's Rebellion (MASS.)	Jan. 1787 Ex-Revolutionary War soldiers headed by Daniel Shay overwhelmed by debts and high taxes, scared of losing property to creditors and tax collectors. Prevented courts from sitting. Governor of Massachusetts asked the constitutional congress to send troops to suppress rebellion but didn't have money or men for state militia.
127133582	Virginia Plan	Proposal to create a strong national government (3 branches, 2 Houses)
127133583	New Jersey Plan	Proposal to create weak national government (Each state 1 vote)
127133584	Great Compromise	House of Representatives elected by people, 65 members distributed by population, senate 2 senators for each, chosen by state legislatures, reconciled interests of large and small states.
127133585	Republic	Government elected representatives that make decisions
127133586	Judicial Review	Power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional
127133587	Federalism	Government authority shared by national and state governments
127133588	Enumerated/Expressed Powers	Powers Given to national government alone
127133589	Reserved Powers	Given only to state government
127133590	Concurrent Powers	Shared by national and state government
127133591	Faction	Group with distinct political interest
127133592	Bill of Rights	first ten amendments to the constitution
127133593	Habeas Corpus	Order to produce arrested person before a judge
127133594	Bill of Attainder	A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of crime
127133595	Ex Post Facto Law	A law that makes an act criminal, although the act was legal when committed
127133596	Electoral College	People Chosen to cast each state's votes in a presidential election. Each state can cast one electoral vote for each senator and representative it has. D.C. has 3 votes, even though they can't elect a representative or senator
127133597	Amendment Process	Proposed by 2/3rds vote in congress or by 3/4ths vote in state legislatures; Ratify by State legislature or state conventions
127133598	Ratification	3/4 State legislatures approve or ratifying conventions if 3/4 states approve it
127133599	Line Item Veto Act of 1996	Executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislature.
127133600	Double Jeopardy	A criminal cannot be tried twice
127133601	Due Process	Denies the government the right without due process to deprive people of life, liberty, and property.
127133602	Dual Federalism	Layer Cake-Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme to its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate.
127133603	Cooperative Federalism	Marble Cake-National, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems and make policies more or less equally.
127133604	Categorical grant	Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport.
127133605	Grant-in-aid	Money given by the national government to the states
127133606	Necessary and Proper Clause	Section of the constitution allowing congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it by the constitution
127133607	Expressed Powers (Enumerated)	Powers given to the national government alone
127133608	Tenth Amendment	Rights not explicitly given to the federal government are given to the states.
127133609	Nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the constitution
127133610	McCulloch v. Maryland	Law targeting 2nd bank of US in MA, court invoked necessary and proper clause, allowed federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for constitutions list of express powers.
127133611	Concurrent Powers	Powers Shared by national and state governments
127133612	Privileges and Immunity Clause	No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US
127133613	Reserved Powers	Powers given to the state government alone
127133614	Implied Powers	Powers authorized by legal document which, not stated, seems to be implied by powers explicitly stated. Created by Hamilton after argument that sovereign duties of a government implied the right to use means adequate to an ends. Invoked later in McCulloch v. Maryland
127133615	Full Faith and Credit Clause	Duties that states within US have to respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states.
127133616	Subnational	Derivatives of the federal system. Designated portions of a country
127133617	Sovereignty	Supreme or ultimate political authority, A sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government
127133618	Unitary System	Sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government so that the states and localities are dependent on its will.
127133619	Devolution	The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states.
127133620	Mandates	Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.
127133621	Supremacy Clause	The constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws.
127133622	Revenue Sharing	Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenues with the states
127133623	Block Grant	Money from national government that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington
127133624	Gibbons v. Ogden	Supreme Court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by commerce clause of US constitution
127133625	Initiative	Allows voters to place legislative measures directly on the ballot by getting enough signatures.
127133626	Referendum	Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.
127133627	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)	Upheld Missouri law that imposed restrictions on use of state funds, facilities, and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions. Supreme Court allowed Webster to legislate in an area previously forbidden.
127133628	Commerce Clause	Enumerated power US Congress has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among several states, and with indian tribes.
127133629	Equal Protection of the law	A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government
127133630	Selective Incorporation	Court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states.
127133631	Freedom of Expression	Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble.
127133632	Freedom of Religion	People shall be free to exercise their religion, and government may not establish a religion
127133633	Prior Restraint	Censorship of a publication
127133634	Clear and present danger test	Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions.
127133635	Libel	Writing that falsely injures another person
127133636	Symbolic Speech	An act that conveys a political message.
127133637	free-exercise clause	First Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion
127133638	establishment clause	First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion"
127133639	Wall of separation	Court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion.
127133640	Exclusionary Rule	Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.
127133641	Search Warrant	A judge's order authorizing a search
127133642	Probable cause	Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion
127133643	Miranda Rule	the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel
127133644	Good-faith exception	An error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial
127133645	Affirmative Action	programs designed to increase minority participation in some institutions by taking positive steps to appoint more minority group members.
127133646	Alien	People residing in this county who are not citizens
127133647	Brown v. Board of Education	Integrated schools off reasoning that separate schools were inherently unequal
127133648	Civil Rights Act of 1964	Federal law banning discrimination in public accommodations, voting, and employment. Authorized attorney general to bring suit. force integration of public schools on behalf of citizens
127133649	Compensating action	position favored by a majority of Americans that support helping disadvantaged people catch up, usually going extra education, training services.
127133650	De facto segregation	Racial segregation based on culture by choice, school reflects community (Housing patterns/social positions)
127133651	De jure segregation	Racial segregation that is required by law
127133652	Equality of opportunity	giving people an equal chance to succeed
127133653	Equality of results	Making certain that people achieve the same result
127133654	Fourteenth Amendment	Equal protection of the laws
127133655	Hyde Amendment	Congressional restriction barring use of Medicaid funds and pay for abortions except when life of the mother is at stake.
127133656	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)	Organization formed in 1909 to further civil rights of blacks. Major emphasis on litigation of cases. Organization has achieved notable successes especially in overturning the doctrine of separate but equal.
127133657	Nonviolent civil disobedience	opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment
127133658	Plessy v. Ferguson	Establishes separate but equal as long as facilities have equal conditions. Later overturned by Brown v. Board of education
127133659	Preferential treatment	Giving one race or gender a leg up over others
127133660	Reverse Discrimination	Using race and sex to give preferential treatment to some people
127133661	Roe v. Wade	State laws against abortion were unconstitutional
127133662	Separate but equal doctrine	Established in Plessy v. Ferguson that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities.
127133663	Strict Scrutiny	A supreme court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it doesn't serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal (Based on race)
127133664	Suspect Classifications	Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity (Judicial policy to treat people on a base of race equally)
127133665	Swann v. Charlotte	Constitutionality of court ordered busing to integrate public school systems, busing permissible option for if certain conditions are met: school system has engaged in racial discrimination in past.
127133666	White Flight	When Blacks move into an area, caucasians pick up and move, messing up the real estate business, not allowed to display multiple for sale signs.
127133667	Activist	people who tend to participate in all forms of government
127133668	Motor-voter bill	1993 law to make it easier to register to vote requires states to allow people to register when applying for drivers licenses. Took effect 1995
127133669	Voting age population	citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement
127133670	Literacy Test	Requirement that citizens pass in order to register to vote
127133671	Poll tax	A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
127133672	Grandfather Clause	A clause in registration laws allowing people who don't meet requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867
127133673	White Primary	practice of preventing blacks from voting in Southern states primaries through Arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation
127133674	Voting Rights act of 1965	Suspended literary tests, authorized federal examiners, criminal penalties for interfering with a vote.
127133675	Voting Rights act of 1970	Gave 18 year olds the right to vote
127133676	Australian Ballot	1890 Government printed ballot uniform size and shape cast in secret to replace the old; party printed ballots, cast in public, cut back voter fraud.
127133677	Communalists	focus on community activities, nonpartisan nature
127133678	Campaigners	get involved in campaign, vote, better educated, interested
127133679	Voting specialists	vote, less schooling, less income, older
127133680	Parochial Participants	don't vote, no campaigns, or civic associations contact officials about personal issues.
127133681	Inactives	Rarely vote and don't contribute or discuss politics, low education, low income, young
127133682	Caucus	A meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or more candidates.
127133683	Congressional campaign committee	A party committee in congress that provides funds to members and would be members
127133684	Direct primary	A preliminary election in which a party's candidates for public office are nominated by direct vote
127133685	Economic protest parties	parties rooted in periods of economic discontent, for example, the greenback and populist parties of the late 1800s
127133686	Factional parties	Parties formed by a split within one of the major parties (Democrats and Republicans in the US)
127133687	First Party System	Two national parties competing for control of the presidency, congress, and the states: The Federalist party (by Hamilton) and Democratic-Republican Party (Jefferson & Madison)
127133688	Ideological Party	A party that values principled stands upon issues above all else
127133689	Initiative	A process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot
127133690	Mugwumps	(Progressives) Republican party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s composed of reformers who opposed patronage
127133691	National chair	day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee
127133692	National Committee	Delegates who run party affairs between national conventions
127133693	National party convention	A meeting of party delegates held every four years
127133694	Old Guard	The older incumbent members of congress refer generally to a veteran or group of veterans, a conservative faction, or an older segment of a population.
127133695	One-issue party	The party that has one issue
127133696	Personal following	The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks
127133697	Plurality System	An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she doesn't receive the majority, used in most American elections
127133698	Political Machine	A party organization who recruits members by distributing patronage.
127133699	Political Party	A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office
127133700	Second Party System	Rapidly rising levels of voter interest beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by election day turnout, rallies, partisan newspapers, and a high degree of personal loyalty to party.
127133701	Solidary group	groups that people join to respond to solidary incentives- the social rewards that lead people to join political organizations
127133702	Solidary incentives	The social rewards that lead people to join political organizations
127133703	Special Interest Caucus	A group of people, often within a larger group such as a legislative assembly, who unite to promote a particular policy or particular interests
127133704	Sponsored Party	A local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the community
127133705	Super delegates	Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
127133706	Two party system	An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections
127133707	Unit rule	A rule of procedure at a national political convention under which a state's entire vote must be cast for the candidate preferred by a majority of the state's delegates
127133708	Winner take all system	The winner of the primary or electoral college vote takes all of the state's convention or electoral college delegates.
127133709	Incumbent	Person in office, usually wins with over 60% of vote
127133710	Coattails	Alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better-known candidate, such as the president
127133711	Political action committee	Set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations
127133712	Theme	simple, appealing idea that may be repeated over and over again (Reagan: "competence" carter: "trust")
127133713	Tone	of a campaign is positive (yay me!) or negative (attacks opponent)
127133714	Position issue	Issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions
127133715	Valence issue	An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs
127133716	Spots	Short TV ads to campaign
127133717	Visual	Campaign activity that appears on a news broadcast. Brief filmed episode showing the candidate doing something that a reporter thinks is newsworthy
127133718	General election	An election held to choose which candidate will hold office
127133719	Primary election	an election held to choose candidates for office (before general)
127133720	Closed Primary	A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members
127133721	Open Primary	A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place
127133722	Blanket Primary	A primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties
127133723	Runoff Primary	Second primary election held if no candidate wins majority
127133724	Prospective voting	Voting for a candidate because you favor his/her ideas for handling issues
127133725	Retrospective Voting	Voting for a candidate because you like his/her past actions in office
127133726	Negative Ads	Rivals find acts, statements, or congressional votes that can be shown in the worst possible light in newspaper or TV ads.
127133727	Interest groups	Any organization that seeks to influence public policy (Group of people sharing a common interest/goal)
127133728	Institutional interests	Individuals or organizations representing other organizations Ex: business firms, governments, foundations, and universities
127133729	Membership Interests	Americans only join certain kinds of organizations, most people sympathetic to aims of mass-membership interest group don't join it, supporters of the group will benefit even if not members of it
127133730	Incentive	something of value one can't get without joining an organization
127133731	Solidary Incentives	The social rewards (sense of pleasure, status or companionship) that lead people to join political organizations
127133732	Material Incentives	Money or things valued in monetary terms
127133733	Purposive Incentive	A benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle
127133734	Ideological interest groups	Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions or principles
127133735	Public-interest lobby	A political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers
127133736	Social movement	A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order.
127133737	Lobbyists	Specialists who gather information (favorable to clients) and present it in as organized, persuasive, and factual a manner as possible
127133738	Political Cues	A signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his/her own political views on party agenda
127133739	Ratings	assessments of a representatives' voting record on issues important to an interest group
127133740	Direct Mail	With computers, organizations can mail directly to specialized audiences
127133741	Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946	Requires groups and individuals to influence legislation to register with the secretary of state and clerk of the house
127133742	Lobby	Money with the intention of influencing decisions made by legislators and officials in the government
127133743	Pluralistic Political system	Political system where the main proponents involve the best interests of its citizens
127133744	Bicameral Legislature	Lawmaking body made up of two parts of chambers
127133745	Christmas tree bill	A bill with lots of riders accompanying it
127133746	Closed Rule	Order from House Rules Committee setting a time limit on debate
127133747	Cloture Rule	Used by Senate to end or limit debate
127133748	Committee of the Whole	Legislative body considered one large committee, done for discussion and debate of details of bills
127133749	Concurrent Resolution	Expression of opinion without the force of law requiring approval of House and Senate, but not the president
127133750	Conference Committee	Joint Committee to resolve differences in Senate and House versions of the same bill
127133751	Congress	Comprised of the Senate and the House of rep.; makes laws
127133752	Congressional Budget Office 1974	Prepares analysis of budgets and economic affects of programs
127133753	Congressional Research Service 1914	Politically neutral, provides answers for questions by Congress
127133754	Conservative coalition	Alliance between Republican and Conservative Democracies
127133755	Descriptive Representation	Candidates elected to represents ethnic and gender constituents and other minority interest groups rather than population at large
127133756	Discharge Petition	A device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor
127133757	Division Vote	A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted
127133758	Double tracking	A procedure to keep the senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business
127133759	Filibuster	An attempt to defeat a bill in the senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action to the bill
127133760	Franking privilege	The ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage
127133761	General Accounting Office 1921	Used to perform financial audits by executive branch departments. Today also investigates agencies and policies and makes recommendations on almost every aspect of government
127133762	Gerrymandering	Drawing line boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party
127133763	Honoraria	Fees for lectures or writing
127133764	Joint Committee	Committees on which both Senators and Representatives serve
127133765	Joint Resolution	A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president, constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
127133766	Majority Leader	Legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the Senate
127133767	Majority-minority districts	Majority of constituents are racial or ethnic minorities, result of racial gerrymandering
127133768	Malapportionment	Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population
127133769	Whip	A senator who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking
127133770	Marginal district	Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of the representatives win in close elections, typically by less than 55% or more
127133771	Mark-up	A legislative session held to amend bills
127133772	Minority Leader	The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House of the Senate
127133773	Multiple Referral	A congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees
127133774	Open Rule	An order from the House rules committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor.
127133775	Organizational view of representation	Representative view has some merit under certain circumstances- namely when constituents have a clear view on some issue and a legislator's vote on that issue is likely to attract their attention
127133776	Parliament	Ordinarily a person becomes a member of a parliament by persuading a political party to put his/her name on the ballot
127133777	Party unity vote	Majority of members vote with their party
127133778	Pork-barrel legislation	legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return
127133779	President pro-tempore	2nd highest rank in US Senate, In Vice President's absence presides over the senate
127133780	Private Bill	A legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters
127133781	Quorum	The minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress
127133782	Quorum call	A roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present
127133783	Representational view of Representation	Members want to get reelected and vote to please constituents
127133784	Restrictive rule	An order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor
127133785	Rider	A provision added to a piece of legislation that is not relevant to the bill's purpose
127133786	Roll-call vote	A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yay" or "nay" to their names
127133787	Rules Committee	Reviews most bills and adopts a rule that governs the procedures under which they will be considered by the House.
127133788	Safe Districts	Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55% or more.
127133789	Select committee	Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose
127133790	Public bill	A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern
127133791	Senatorial courtesy	President nominates judges recommend to him by the key senator from the district the judge is to serve
127133792	Sequential referral	A congressional process by which a speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting
127133793	Seventeenth Amendment	Requires popular election of senators
127133794	Simple Resolution	An expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body
127133795	Sophomore surge	An increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run fro reelection
127133796	Speaker of the House	most important person in the House. Elected by whichever party has majority and presides over all House meetings
127133797	Standing Committees	Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation writing a certain subject area
127133798	Substantive representation	The tendency of representatives to advocate for certain groups
127133799	Teller vote	A congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the "yays" first and the "nays" second
127133800	Voice vote	A congressional voting procedure in which members shout yay in approval or nay in disapproval permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills.
127133801	Cabinet	Heads of the fifteen executive branch departments of the federal government, can have cabinet rank.
127133802	Divided government	A government in which one party controls the White House and a different party controls one/both houses of Congress
127133803	Electoral College	Each state selects electors; vote for president and vice president, People chosen to cast each state's votes in a presidential election, Each state has one vote. DC has 3
127133804	Gridlock	Stalemate between Congress and White house, Inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of government
127133805	Lame Duck	Person still in office after he/she has lost a bid for reelection. Politician whose powers diminished because they are about to leave office.
127133806	Line-Item Veto	Executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislature
127133807	Unified government	Same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress
127133808	Ad Hoc Structure	Several subordinates, cabinet officers and committees report directly to the president on different matters
127133809	Circular structure	Several of president's assistants report directly to him
127133810	Pyramid structure	president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by chief of staff.
127133811	Executive privilege	A privilege of confidentiality not in constitution but part of separation of powers not to divulge internal works and can get confidential info from subordinates
127133812	Impoundment of funds	President choosing not to use money given by Congress for something
127133813	Impeachment	Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of representatives
127133814	Office of Management and Budget (OMB)	Cabinet level office largest in Executive office. Helps president in overseeing the preparation of federal budget and supervise in executive branch.
127133815	White House Office	President's closest assistants confirmed by senate. Three ways to organize; pyramid, circular, ad hoc
127133816	US v. Nixon 1974	Spied on democrats, Watergate scandal, thought had executive privilege for judicial process
127133817	Honeymoon period	The presidents love affair with the people and congress can be consummated
127580123	Strict Constructionist	View that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the constitution
127580124	Judicial Activism	Judicial ruling based on personal/ political considerations other than law
127580125	Precedent	Legal case establishing a principle/rule that a court case today should be settled in accordance with prior decisions on similar cases.
127580126	Concurring opinion	Signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons
127580127	Writ of Certiorari	An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review
127580128	Dissenting Opinion	Signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view.
127580129	Judicial Review	Power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional
127580130	Marbury v. Madison 1803	Formed judicial review and Article III, declared unconstitutional-Marbury petition supreme courts to force secretary of state James Madison to deliver documents
127580131	Dred Scott 1857	Slave, sued for his freedom, lived in states where slavery illegal. Supreme court ruled against (Not a citizen)
127580132	Judiciary Act 1789	Established Federal judiciary
127580133	Constitutional Courts	Federal court authorized by Article III to keep judges in office during good behavior and prevents their salaries from being reduced. (supreme court & appellate, district courts)
127580134	Legislative Courts	Created by congress for specialized purposes whose judges do no enjoy the protections of Article III of the constitution
127580135	Original Jurisdiction	Review decisions and change outcomes of lower court decisions
127580136	Earl Warren	14th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Ended school segregation
127580137	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme court American Jurist and statesman shaped constitutional law. Made supreme court powerful
127580138	Senatorial Courtesy	Political custom where president consults the senior US senators before nominating federal vacancy in state
127580139	Litmus test	An examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge
127580140	Fee Shifting	Rule that allows a plaintiff to recover costs from the defendant if the plaintiff wins
127580141	Courts of appeal	Federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials
127580142	District courts	Lowest individual courts; federal trials can be held only here
127580143	Class action suits	Case brought by someone to help him or her and all others who are similarly situated
127580144	Remedy	Judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong
127580145	Standing	Legal rule stating who is authorized to start a lawsuit
127580146	Stare Decisis	Let the decision stand, or allowing prior rulings to control the current case
127580147	Warren Burger	Chief Justice 1969-1986 abortion, capital punishment, religious establishment, school desegregation
127580148	Roger Taney	5th Chief Justice 1835-1864 slavery, prohibiting free blacks in state, blacks can't be citizens, end to deposit of Federal money of 2nd bank of US (killed it)
127580149	Amicus Curiae	Brief Submitted by a friend of the court
127580150	Sovereign Immunity	Rule that a citizen cannot sue the government without the government's consent