AP Psych, Chapter 5

259929828	Learning	The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
259929829	Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian)	The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral, stimulus.
259929830	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way.
259929831	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
259929832	Conditioned Response (CR)	After conditioning the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented.
259929833	Intermittent Pairing	Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials.
259929834	Desensitization Therapy	A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation.
259929835	Preparedness	A biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages.
259929836	Conditioned Taste Aversion	Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
259929837	Operant Conditioning (Instrumental)	The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments.
259929838	Operant Behaviors	Behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
259929839	Reinforcers	A stimuli that follows a behavior and increases likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
259929840	Punishers	Stimuli that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
259929841	Law of Effect (Principle of Reinforcement)	Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out"
259929842	Skinner Box	A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur.
259929843	Shaping	Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
259929844	Positive reinforcers	Events whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
259929845	negative reinforcers	Events whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
259929846	Punishment	Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
259929847	Avoidance Training	Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant, such as punishment.
259929848	Learned Helplessness	Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.
259929849	Biofeedback	A technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions.
259929850	Neurofeedback	A biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.
259929851	Contingency	A reliable "if-then" relationship between two events, such as a CS and a US.
259929852	Blocking	A process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously.
259929853	Schedule of Reinforcement	In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered.
259929854	Fixed-Interval Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement.
259929855	Variable-Interval Schedule	a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement.
259929856	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses.
259929857	Variable-Ratio Schedule	A reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented.
259929858	Extinction	A decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (Classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (Operant Conditioning).
259929859	Spontaneous Recovery	The reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without training.
259929860	Stimulus Control	Control of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the environment.
259929861	Stimulus Generalization	The transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli.
259929862	Stimulus Discrimination	Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.
259929863	Response Generalization	Giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus.
259929864	Higher Order Conditioning	Conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.
259929865	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding in themselves, such as food, water, or sex.
259929866	Secondary Reinforcers	Reinforcers whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reiforcers.
259929867	Cognitive Learning	Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable.
259929868	Latent Learning	Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change.
259929869	Cognitive Map	A learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
259929870	Insight	Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem.
259929871	Learning Set	The ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved.
259929872	Observational Learning (Vicarious)	Learning by observing other peoples behavior.
259929873	Social Learning Theorists	Psychologists whose view of learning emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions without firsthand experience by the learner.