Psych AP ch. 4

117283100	Age of viability	the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
117283101	Aggression	any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally
117283102	Altruism	selfless concern for the welfare of others that leads to sharing, cooperation, and helping behavior
117283103	Animism	the belief that all things are living
117283104	Centration	the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
117283105	Cephalocaudal trend	the head-to-foot direction of motor development
117283106	Cognitive Development	refers to the age related transitions in patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
117283107	Developmental Norms	the average at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
117283108	Embryonic Stage	2 weeks → 2months of prenatal development
117283109	Fetal Stage	2 months → the birth of the child
117283110	Gender	culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity
117283111	Gender Roles	expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex
117283112	Gender Differences	actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability
117283113	Gender Stereotypes	widely held beliefs about females' and males' abilities, personality traits, and social behavior
117283114	Germinal Stage	the first phase of prenatal development, 1st 2 weeks after conception
117283115	Maturation	development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
117283116	Proximodistal trend	the center outward direction of motor development
117283117	Separation Anxiety	emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
117283118	Sex	biologically based categories of male and female
117283119	Socialization	the acquisition of the norms and behaviors expected of people in a particular society
117283120	Visual Cliff	a glass platform that extends over a several-foot dropoff. Used to pro prove that infants have an instinctive depth perception.
117283121	Developmental psychology	Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
117283122	Zygote	Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops onto an embryo.
117283123	Embryo	The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
117283124	Fetus	The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
117283125	Teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
117283126	Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	Physical and cognitive abnormalties in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. Severe case: noticeable facial misproportions
117283127	Rooting reflex	A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple.
117283128	Habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated simulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
117283129	Maturation	Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
117283130	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
117283131	Assimilation	interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
117283132	Accommodation	Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
117283133	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
117283134	Sensorimotor stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage ( from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
117283135	Object permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
117283136	Preoperational stage	In Piaget's theory the stage (fom about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
117283137	Conservation	The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
117283138	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view.
117283139	Theory of mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, percetpions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
117283140	Autism	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
117283141	Concrete operational stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
117283142	Formal operational stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
117283143	Stranger anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
117283144	Attachment	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
117283145	Critical Period	An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli of experiences produces proper development.
117283146	Imprinting	The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very easily in life.
117283147	Basic Trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
117283148	Self-concept	A sense of one's identity and personal worth
117283149	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
117283150	Puberty	The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
117283151	Primary sex characteristics	The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
117283152	Secondary sex characteristics	Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
117283153	Identity	One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
117283154	Menarche	The first menstrual period.
117283155	Intimacy	In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
117283156	Menopause	The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
117283157	Alzheimer's disease	a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, resoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.
117283158	Cross-sectional study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
117283159	Longitudinal study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
117283160	Crystallized intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
117283161	Fluid intelligence	one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
117283162	Social clock	The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.