AP Psychology: Intro, Ch. 1 & Ch. 8 Flashcards

Introduction, Ch. 1 and Ch. 8

230100649	Ivan Pavlov	(1906) began to publish his classic studies of animal learning in Russia	0
230100650	Clinical Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies, asseses and treats people with psychological disorders.	1
230100651	Applied Research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.	2
230100652	Basic Research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	3
230100653	William James	(1890) published the widely used "Principles of Psychology" in the United States.	4
230100654	G. Stanley Hall	(1883) a student of Wundt's, established what many consider the first American psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University.	5
230100655	Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon	(1905) published the first intelligence test for use with Parisian schoolchildren.	6
230100656	Edward L. Thorndike	(1898) conducted the first experiments on animal learning in the U.S.	7
230100657	Hermann Ebbinghaus	(1885) reported the first experiments on memory in Germany.	8
230100658	Wilhelm Wundt	(1879) established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany	9
230100659	Mary Whiton-Calkins	(1905) created paired-associates technique for studying memory, became president of American Psychological Association	10
230100660	John B. Watson	(1913) championed psychology as the science of behavior in the United States	11
230100661	American Psychological Association	founded in 1892	12
230100662	Psychiatry	a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.	13
230100663	Introspection	self examination of one's emotional states & mental processes.	14
230100664	The Five Perspectives of Psychology	1. Neurobiological 2. Behavioral 3. Humanistic 4. Psychodynamic 5. Cognitive	15
230100665	Neurobiological Perspective	chemical balance (physical & chemical changes).	16
230100666	Humanistic Perspective	humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth & self actualization	17
230100667	Cognitive Perspective	mental thoughts & processes	18
230100668	Behavioral Perspective	how a being behaves. Thoughts & feelings are irrelevant	19
230100669	Psychodynamic Perspective	unconcious motives & thoughts.	20
230100670	Statistical Significance	a statistical criterion for rejecting the assumption of no differences in a particular study	21
230100671	False Consensus Effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs & behaviors	22
230100672	Placebo	Latin for, "I shall please" - an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effect believed to characterize the active agent	23
230100673	Experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process	24
230100674	Scatterplot	a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables	25
230100675	Random Sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	26
230100676	Survey	a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	27
230100677	Replication	repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants & circumstances	28
230100678	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes & predicts observations	29
230100679	Case Study	an observational technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal problems	30
230100680	Operational Definition	a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables	31
230100681	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments & conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence & assesses conclusions	32
230100682	Illusory Correlation	the perception of a relationship where none actually exists	33
230100683	Standard Deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	34
230100684	Placebo Effect	any effect on behavior caused by a placebo	35
230100685	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, & thus how well either factor predicts another	36
230100686	Conditioned Response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus	37
230100687	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response	38
230100688	Unconditioned Response (UCR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	39
230100689	Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- (naturally & automatically) - triggers a response	40
230100690	Acquisition	the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	41
230100691	Generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	42
230100692	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus & other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.	43
230100693	Operant Behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	44
230100694	Learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	45
230100695	Classical Conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates & prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. (also called Pavlovian Conditioning)	46
230100696	Associative Learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences	47
230100697	Behaviorism	the view that psychology... 1. should be an objective science that.. 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes	48
230100698	Fixed-Interval Schedule (F.I.)	in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	49
230100699	Fixed-Ratio Schedule (F.R.)	in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	50
230100700	Conditioned Reinforcer	(aka: secondary reinforcer)- a stimulus that gains its reinforceing power through its association with a primary reinforcer	51
230100701	Reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	52
230100702	Operant Conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment	53
230100703	Respondent Behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through Classical Conditioning	54