Ch.1 Introduction to Human Geography

flashcards for Ch.1

80775762	fieldwork	Geographers go out in the field and see what people are doing and they observe how peoples' actions and reactions vary across space
80775763	human geography	how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world
80775764	globalization	set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders
80775765	physical geography	The study of physical phenomena on Earth
80775766	spatial	pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic
80775767	spatial distribution	physical location of geographic phenomena across space
80775768	pattern	the design of a spatial distribution (e.g. scattered or concentrated)
80775769	medical geography	mapping the distribution of a disease is the first step to finding its cause
80775770	pandemic	a worldwide outbreak of a disease
80775771	epidemic	regional outbreak of a disease
80775772	spatial perspective	observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
80775773	five themes (of geography)	location, human-environment, region, place, and movement
80775774	location	the geographical situation of people and things
80775775	location theory	an element of contemporary human geography that seeks answers to a wide range of questions- some of them theoretical, others highly practical
80775776	human-environment	reciprocal relationship between humans and environment
80775777	region	an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
80775778	place	uniqueness of a location
80775779	sense of place	state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character
80775780	perception of place	belief of "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stores, or pictures
80775781	movement	the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet
80775782	spatial interaction	a condition that exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands
80775783	distance	measurement of the physical space between two places
80775784	accessibility	the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations, it varies from place to place and can be measured
80775785	connectivity	the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
81201705	landscape	the material character of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures, and other tangible objects that give a place a particular form
81201706	cultural landscape	the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape
81201707	sequent occupance	the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place or by labeling a place with a certain character
81201708	cartography	the art and science of making maps
81201709	reference maps	maps that show the locations of places and geographic features
81201710	thematic maps	maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon
81201711	absolute locations	locations determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
81201712	global positioning system (GPS)	satellite-based system that allows us to locate things on the surface of the Earth with extraordinary accuracy
81201713	geocaching	a hunt for a cache whose coordinates are placed on the Internet by other geocachers
81201714	relative location	a place in relation to other human and physical features
81201715	mental maps	image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space
81607096	activity spaces	those places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity
81607097	generalized maps	a mean of annual precipitation received around the world
81607098	generalize	to make general, not specific (dictionary definition)
81607099	remote sensing	a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study
81607100	geographic information systems (GIS)	a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user
81607101	rescale	to involve players at other scales and create a global outcry of support for their position
81688041	formal region	a desert basin that is marked by severe aridity, sandy surface, and steep surrounding mountain slopes
81688042	functional region	the product of interactions, of movement of various kinds
81688043	perceptual regions	intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography
81688044	culture	the music, literature, arts, and way of life of a society
81688045	culture trait	a single attribute of culture
81688046	culture complex	more than one culture exhibiting a particular culture trait, but each will consist of a discrete combinations of traits
81688047	cultural hearth	an area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse
81688048	independent invention	a trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other
81688049	culture diffusion	the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth (source area) to other places
81688050	time-distance decay	the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source
81688051	cultural barriers	cultures working against diffusion, certain innovations, ideas, or practices that are not acceptable or adoptable in particular cultures because of prevailing attitudes
81688052	expansion diffusion	an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward
81688053	contagious diffusion	a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals are affected
81688054	hierarchical diffusion	a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused
81688055	stimulus diffusion	a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
81688056	relocation diffusion	the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation, and who carry it to a new, perhaps distant, locale, where they proceed to disseminate it
81688057	geographic concepts	the boldfaced words in this chapter, such as relative location, mental map, sense of place, diffusion, and cultural landscape
81688058	environmental determinism	the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development
81688059	isotherms	lines connecting points of equal temperature values
81688060	possibilism	geographic viewpoint that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development
81688061	ecology	an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to environment
81688062	political ecology	an area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings