AP European History Chapter 18 Review Flashcards

72670655	John Locke	A major forerunner of the Enlightenment. The author of "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," he argued the validity of tabula rasa.	0
72670656	Tabula rasa	Locke's theory that all humans enter the world as blank page.	1
72670657	Issac Newton	A scientist, a physicist, a writer, and a major forerunner of the Enlightenment. His formed the law of universal gravitation. Also, he encouraged Europeans to approach the study of nature directly and to avoid metaphysics and supernaturalism.	2
72670658	Voltaire	Also known as Francois Marie Arouet, he was by far the most influential of the philosophes. In addition to writing works such as "Letters on the English," "Candide," and "Elements of the Philosophy of Newton," he attacked war and religious persecution. Chief rival was Rousseau.	3
72670659	Letters on the English	Written by Voltaire, this book praised the virtues of the English and indirectly criticized the abuses of French society.	4
72670660	Candide	In this, Voltaire's most famous satire, Voltaire attacked war, religious persecution, and what he regarded as unwarranted optimism about the human condition.	5
72670661	Treatise on Tolerance	Written by Voltaire, this hounded the authorities for a new investigation of the case of Jean Calas	6
72670662	Montesquieu	A lawyer, noble of the robe, and a member of the provincial parlement, he was a brilliant philosophe who wrote "The Persian Letters" and "Spirit of the Laws."	7
72670663	The Persian Letters	Written by Montesquieu, this satirized contemporary institutions using letters purportedly written by two Persians visiting Europe. The letters described how European behavior contrasted with Persian life.	8
72670664	Spirit of the Laws	Written by Montesquieu, this work deemed the British constitution as the wisest model for regulating the power of government.	9
72670665	Diderot	Along with Jean le Rond d'Albert, he authored the "Encyclopedia."	10
72670666	Rousseau	Easily the most radical of the philosophes, this man frequently clashed with Voltaire. He authored "Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences," "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," and "The Social Contract." All of his works were radical and highly critical interpretations of society.	11
72670667	Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences	Written by Rousseau, this contented that the process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature.	12
72670668	Discourse on the Origin of Inequality	Written by Rousseau, this blamed much of the evil in the world on the uneven distribution of property.	13
72670669	The Social Contract	Written by Rousseau, this clashed with Locke's ideas on individualism. Rousseau contended that society is more important that its individual members	14
72670670	Adam Smith	The author of "The Wealth of Nations" and is often considered the father of capitalism.	15
72670671	The Wealth of Nations	Written by Smith, this advocated that a free market economy would be more beneficial to society. Smith's theories went hand-in-hand with individualism.	16
72670672	Encyclopedia	Authored by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Almbert, this was a collective plea for freedom of expression. It contained the most advanced ideas of the time on religion, government, and philosophy. Important articles and illustrations were included, making it a major source of knowledge.	17
72670673	Deism	The religion of many philosophes. It was predicated on the notion that God was rational and therefore nature was too. It was empirical, tolerant, reasonable, and encouraged a virtous living.	18
72670674	Hume	A Scottish philosopher, he argued against the existence of miracles and, by implication, against the belief in Christianity. Authored "Inquiry into Human Nature."	19
72670675	Inquiry into Human Nature	Written by David Hume, this argued that no empirical evidence supported the existence of miracles central to much of Christianity.	20
72670676	Jean Calas	Roman Catholic political authorities in Toulouse ordered his execution for supposedly murdering his soon to prevent him from converted to Roman Catholicism. After his death, Voltaire published his "Treatise on Tolerance" in defense of this man.	21
72670677	Gotthold Lessing	A German playwright and critic. He wrote "Nathan the Wise."	22
72670678	Nathan the Wise	Written by Gotthold Lessing, this was a plea for religious toleration.	23
72670679	Cesare Beccaria	An Italian philosophe. He published "On Crimes and Punishment." He attacked torture and capital punishment.	24
72670680	On Crimes and Punishment	Written by Cesare Beccaria, this applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.	25
72670681	Physiocrats	A group of economic reformers who believed it was the role of government to protect property and to permit its owners to use it freely. They were led by Francois Quesnay and Pierre Dupont de Nemours.	26
72670682	Marie Therese Geoffrin	This woman ran a salon which was one of the most important gathering spots for Enlightenment writers. She was instrumental in helping the philosophes.	27
72670683	Claudine de Tencin	A woman who helped the philosophes gain access to useful and social political contacts. She promoted Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws."	28
72670684	Mary Wollstonecraft	A female critic of Rousseau and author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." She criticized Rousseau and others who upheld traditional roles for women.	29
72670685	A Vindication of the Rights of Woman	Mary Wollstonecraft's masterpiece. It criticized the views of Rousseau on women's roles in society.	30
72670686	Enlightened Absolutism	A form of government predicated reforms in absolutist states. These reformers often agreed with the views of the philosophes. Voltaire was a major advocate of this system.	31
72670687	Frederick II	A correspondent of the philosophes. He sought the recovery and consolidation of Prussia. He transformed Prussia into an efficient military and economic power.	32
72670688	Joseph II	The rational leader of Austria. He attempted to impose rational policies on the Habsburg Empire. He also urged religious toleration and confiscated church lands. His attempts to tax the nobility stirred up a revolt.	33
72670689	Catherine II	Leader of Russia who became very familiar with Enlightenment thought. Good friends with Diderot and Voltaire. She tried to enact major reforms but she never intended to abandon absolutism. She assured nobles of their rights and by the end of her reign had imposed press censorship.	34
72670690	Charter of the Nobility	With this, Catherine the Great legally defined noble rights and privleges in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily.	35
72670691	Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji	This treaty gave Russia a direct outlet to the Blak Sea, free navigation rights in its waters, and more free access through the Bosporus. Crimea became an independent state and was latter annexed by Catherine. This ended the Ottoman-Russian conflict.	36
72670692	Partition of Poland	As a result of several Eastern European military conflicts, the map of Europe had to be withdrawn, three times to be exact. This reorganization of territory was at the expense of a nation which was ultimately erased from the map of Europe.	37
72670693	Pugachev's Rebellion	Emelyan Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords, initiating a peasant revolt, the largest of the 18th century.	38