AP history

	Sultan who ruled ottoman empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by janissaries in 1807.
	Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; started revolution of janisarries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of ottoman empire on western precedents.
	Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908
	Members of the ottoman society tried to regain constitution; Took over Abdul Hamid.
	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in egypt; defeated the mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted mongol advance.
	won power strugle in egypt following fall of mamluks; established mastery of all egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge ottoman government in constantinople; died 1848; ultimately unsuccessful.
	Descendents of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952
	built across the isthmus of suez to connect meditteranean sea with the red sea in 1869; financed by european investors; increasingly indebtness of khedives, permitted intervention of british into egyptian politics to protect their investment.
	Muslim thinkers at the end of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.
	Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against turkish influence in egyptian army; forced khedive to call on british army for support.
	In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan
	Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598
	architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing
	Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus
	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world
	Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War
	fought between the british and qing china beginning in 1839; fought to protect british trade in opium; resulted in resounding british victory, opening hong kong as british port of trade
	broke out in south china in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-christianized prophet; sought to overthrow qing dynasty and confucian basis of scholargentry
	dowager empress that ruled the last decades of the manchu dynasty; ultra conservative; supporteed the boxer rebellion.
	popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials
	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while stilla small boy in 1912